Functional Group 5 Flashcards
Oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes (synthesis of carboxylic acids)
RCH2OH -H2CrO4,KMnO4-> RCOOH
Carboxylation of Grignard reagent (synthesis of carboxylic acids)
RX -Mg,ether-> RMgX -CO2-> RCOO-+MgX -H+-> RCOOH
Hydrolysis of nitriles (synthesis of carboxylic acids)
RCH2X -NaCN,acetone-> RCH2C=-N -H+(cat),H2O-> RCH2COOH
Oxidation of alkylbenzenes (synthesis of carboxylic acids)
Alkylbenzene (with Y pi bonded to ring) -Na2Cr2O7,H2SO4-> a benzoic acid
Oxidative cleavage of Alkenes and alkynes (synthesis of carboxylic acids)
RCH=CR’R” -> RCOOH + R’COR”
Carboxylic acid + ketone
Conversion to salts (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOOH -base-> RCOO^-Y+ + H2O
Ex: acetic acid + ethylamine -> ethylammonium acetate
Synthesis of Acid chlorides (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOOH + SOCl2 -> RCOCl + SO2 + HCl
Ex: acetic acid + thionyl chloride -> ethanyl chloride + SO2 + HCl
Esterification (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOOH + R’OH RCOOR’ + H2O (ester)
Or
RCOOH + CH2N2 -> RCOOCH3 + N2 (methyl ester)
Synthesis of amides (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOCl + R’NH2 -> RCONHR’ + HCl
Synthesis of anhydrides (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOCl + R’COOH ->
R(C=O)-O-(C=O)-R’ + HCl
Synthesis of primary alcohols (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOOH -LiAlH4,H2O-> RCH2OH
Primary alcohol
Synthesis of ketones (alkylation) (reactions of carboxylic acids)
RCOOH -2RLi,H2O-> RCOR’
Ketone
Alkylation (Synthesis of amines)
Primary amine
RCH2X + NH3 -> RCH2NH2
Alkylation (Synthesis of amines)
Secondary amine
TNH2 + R’X -> RR’NH
Alkylation (Synthesis of amines)
Tertiary amine
3RX + NH3 -> R3N
Alkylation (Synthesis of amines)
Quaternary amine
4RX + NH3 -> R4N+
Reduction (Synthesis of amines)
Primary amine
- ) RC=N -LiAlH4-> RCH2NH2
- ) RCONH2 -LiAlH4-> RCH2NH2
- ) RCH2N3 -LiAlH4-> RCH2NH2
- ) RCH2NO2 -LiAlH4-> RCH2NH2
Reduction (Synthesis of amines)
Secondary amine derivative
R-N=-C -LiAlH4-> RNHCH3
Reduction (Synthesis of amines)
Primary aromatic amine
- ) ArNO2 + H2 -> ArNH2
2. ) ArNHOH + H2 -> ArNH2
Conversion to salts (reaction of amines)
RCH2NH2 + HX -> RCH2NH3+ + X- (ammonium salt)
Synthesis of imines (reaction of amines)
RCOR’ + R”NH2 R(CNHR”)OHR’ R(C=NR”)R’ + H2
Imines/Schiff base
Synthesis of oximes (reaction of amines)
RCOR’ + HONH2 R(CNHOH)OHR’ R(C=NOH)R’ + H2O
Oxime
Alkylation (reaction of amines)
RNH2 + XCH2R’ -> RNHCH2R’ + HX
Salt of secondary amine
Acylation (reaction of amines)
RCOCl -R’NH2-> R-(C=O)-NHR’ + HCl
Amide
Oxidation of secondary amines (reaction of amines)
RR’NH -H2O2-> RR’NOH + H2O
Secondary hydroxylamine
Oxidation of tertiary amines (reaction of amines)
R3N -H2O2-> R3N^+-O^- + H2O
Tertiary amine oxide
Diazotization (reaction of amines)
RNH2 -NaNO2,HCl-> [R-N=-N]^+Cl^-
Alkane diazonium salt