Functional Groups

Question 1

Two types of functional groups

Answer 1

1. ) carbon carbon bonds

2. ) everything else where a hydrogen is replaced by specific atoms or groups

Question 2

Alkanes (alkyl)

Answer 2

Two prefixes:
n-CnH2n+1, n stand s for normal
i-CnH2n+1, i stands for iso

Question 3

Reduction of alkyl halides

Answer 3

1. ) 2RX + Sn + 2H^+ -> RH + Zn^2+ + X-
2. ) 4RC + LiAlH4 -> 4RH + LiX + AlX3
3. ) RX+(n-C4H9)3SnH -> RH+(n-C4H9)3SnX
4. ) RMgX+H2O -> RH + Mg(OH)X

Question 4

Catalyzed hydrogenation of Alkenes & alkynes to produce alkanes

Answer 4

1. ) alkene + H2 -Pt/Ni-> alkane

2. ) alkyne + 2H2 -Pt/Ni-> alkane

Question 5

Corey-House synthesis

Answer 5

1. ) 2R-Li + CuI -dry ether-> R2CuLi + LiI

2. ) R2CuLi + R’X -> R’R + RCu + LiX

Question 6

Major reactions of alkanes

Answer 6

1. ) thermal dehydrogenation (cracking)
2. ) combustion
3. ) halogenation

Question 7

Thermal dehydrigenation

Answer 7

CnH2n+2 -heat-> mixture of smaller chain alkanes

Question 8

Combustion

Answer 8

RH + O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

Question 9

Halogenation

Answer 9

RH + X2 -heat/light-> RX + HX

Question 10

Halogenation initiation step

Answer 10

Forms reactive intermediate; a free radical of the halogen atom; electrophilic

Question 11

Halogenation propagation step

Answer 11

1. ) Radical break 1 C-H bond & creates alkyl radical

2. ) alkyl radical reacts with halogen molecule

Question 12

Halogenation termination step

Answer 12

Produces fewer radicals than it uses

Question 13

Polymerization

Answer 13

Alkenes easily undergo the producing polymers

Question 14

Synthesis of Alkenes

Answer 14

1. ) dehydeogenation of alkanes
2. ) dehydeogenation of alcohols
3. ) dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
4. ) dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides
5. ) reduction of alkynes

Question 15

Dehydeogenation of alkanes to produce Alkenes

Answer 15

Alkane-heat&Pt/Pd-> alkene + H2

Question 16

Dehydeogenation of alcohols to produce alkanes

Answer 16

Alcohol -acid-> alkene + H2O

Question 17

Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides to produce alkene

Answer 17

RX -heat&base-> alkene

Question 18

Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides to produce Alkenes

Answer 18

XCH2-CH2X -Zn/Mg-> H2C=CH2 + ZnX2 or MgX2

Question 19

Reduction of alkynes to produce Alkenes

Answer 19

Alkyne -Pd/BaSO4,H2,Quinoline-> alkene

Question 20

Markovinkov’s rule

Answer 20

State that addition if a proton to the double bind of an alkene yields a product in which the proton is bonded to the carbon that already bears a greater # of hydrogens

Question 21

Addition of hydrogen halides across double bonds (markovinkov addition)

Answer 21

H2C=CH2 + HX -> CH3CH2X

Question 22

Hydration of Alkenes to produce alcohols (markovnikov addition)

Answer 22

H2C=CH2 + H2O -H+(cat)-> CH3CH2OH

Question 23

Addition of H2SO4 to Alkenes to produce alcohols (markovnikov addition)

Answer 23

H2C=CH2 + H2SO4 -> CH3CH2-OSO3H -> CH3CH2OH

Question 24

Oxymercuration-demercuration of Alkenes to produce alcohols (markovnikov addition)

Answer 24

H2C=CH2 + Hg(OAc)2 -H2O-> OHCH2CH2-HgOAc -NaBH4-> OHCH2CH3

Question 25

Catalytic hydrogenation of Alkenes to produce alkanes

Answer 25

H2C=CH2 -Pt/Ni/Pd-> alkane

Question 26

Cyclopropanation

Answer 26

H2C=CH2 + X-C:-X -> cyclopropane derivative

Question 27

Allylic substitution

Answer 27

H2C=CHCH3 + NBS -light-> H2C=CHCH2-Br

Question 28

Ozonolysis of Alkenes to produce carbonyl groups

Answer 28

RHC=CHR + O3 -> ozonide -H2O,Zn-> two carbonyls

Question 29

Preparation of alkynes:dehydrohalogenation of dihalides

Answer 29

1. ) XCH2-CH2X -R-OH/KOH-> H2C=CHX

2. ) H2C=CHX -NaNH2-> Alkyne

Question 30

Alkyl substitution

Answer 30

Alkyne + NaNH2 -> HC=-CNa
Or
HC=-CH + RMgX -> HC=-CMgX