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Chemistry > Organic chemistry and alkanes > Flashcards

Organic chemistry and alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated definition

A

Contains C-C single bonds

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2
Q

Unsaturated definition

A

Contains C-C multiple bonds

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3
Q

Aliphatic definition

A

Chain of carbon atoms

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4
Q

Aromatic definition

A

Contains benzene ring (unsaturated)

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5
Q

Alicyclic definition

A

Chain of carbon atoms joined together in a ring

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6
Q

Hydrocarbon definition

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen ONLY

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7
Q

Homologous series definition

A

Contain the same functional group but each successive member of a homologous series differs by CH2

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8
Q

Functional group definition

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

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9
Q

What is rule 1 for naming alkanes?

A

Count the largest carbon chain, the number gives the stem of the name

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10
Q

What are the stem names?

A

1: meth
2: eth
3: prop
4: but
5: pent
6: hex
7: hept
8: oct

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11
Q

What is rule 2 of naming alkanes?

A

Number the carbons to ensure that the functional group (branch) is attached to the lowest number possible

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12
Q

What are the branch names?

A

CH3: methyl
C2H5: ethyl
C3H7: propyl

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13
Q

What is rule 3 of naming alkanes?

A

If there is more than one of the same group, number the chain to give them the lowest number possible (use di/tri/tetra prefixes)

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14
Q

What is rule 4 of naming alkanes?

A

Prefixes are arranged alphabetically

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15
Q

What are the haloalkane names?

A

F: fluoro
Cl: chloro
Br: bromo
I: iodo

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16
Q

What are the 4 rules for naming alkenes?

A
  1. Name ends with ‘ene’
  2. Double bond given lowest number possible
  3. Double bond takes priority over other groups (apart from OH)
  4. Apart from in propene, the position of the double bond must be shown
17
Q

What are the 2 rules of naming alcohols?

A
  1. Name ends with ‘anol’

2. OH group given the lowest number possible and takes priority over other groups

18
Q

Structural isomer definition

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different structural formula

19
Q

How does boiling point decrease for alkanes with the same molecular formula?

A

More branching = reduced points of contact between molecules which leads to weaker London forces between molecules so they require less energy to break –> boiling point decreases

20
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

CO + H2O

21
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Insufficient oxygen

22
Q

Sigma bond definition

A

Head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals directly in a line between two bonded atoms

23
Q

Mechanism definition

A

A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons

24
Q

What is the mechanism of the halogenation of alkanes?

A

Radical substitution

25
Q

What is the conversion of the halogenation of alkanes?

A

Alkane + halogen –> haloalkane + hydrogen halide

26
Q

What conditions are required for the halogenation of alkanes?

A

UV light

27
Q

What is the first step of radical substitution?

A

Initiation (making radicals)

28
Q

Radical definition

A

A species with an unpaired electron

29
Q

Homolytic fission definition

A

The breaking of a covalent bond where one of the bonded electrons goes to each atom and 2 radicals form

30
Q

What is the second step of radical substitution?

A

Propagation (radicals taking an atom)

31
Q

What do propagation steps involve?

A

A radical reacting with a non-radical

32
Q

What is the equation for the first step of the propagation of Cl.?

A

Cl. + CH4 –> CH3. + HCl

33
Q

What is the equation for the second step of the propagation of Cl.?

A

CH3. + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl.

34
Q

What does Cl. act as in propagation?

A

A catalyst

35
Q

What is the third step of radical substitution?

A

Termination (radical + radical –> non-radical)

36
Q

What is further substitution?

A

Where hydrogen atoms keep being substituted for Cl.

37
Q

How are isomeric products formed from chain reactions?

A

For alkanes more than 2 carbons in length any of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted, leading to a mixture of different isomers

Chemistry (29 decks)

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