Organelles I

Question 1

Formation of Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Endosymbiosis of eubacteria with archeabacteria

Question 2

Integral Proteins

Answer 2

Transmembrane.

Function as pores and receptors

Question 3

Peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 3

extrinsic
Accessory proteins to the function of transmembrane proteins.
Act through a signal transduction pathway

Question 4

Saccharides on Cell Membrane

Answer 4

attach to the lipid (glycolipid) or proteins (glycoproteins)

Question 5

cisterna

Answer 5

Space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes

Question 6

translocating proteins

Answer 6

have nuclear export and import localization sequences which bind specifically to transport proteins that in turn interact with proteins of the pore complex for transfer across the nuclear envelope
- Active Transport. Big Molecules

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

Makes Ribosomal RNA

Question 8

Pars Amorpha

Answer 8

Organizer Region

- Conssit of DNA sequences coding for rRNA

Question 9

Pars Fibrosa

Answer 9

Consists of primary rRNA transcripts

Question 10

Pars granulosa

Answer 10

Mature ribosomal subunits

Question 11

Nucleolonema

Answer 11

The pars fibrosa and pars granulosa.

Excludes pars amorpha

Question 12

Heterochromatin

Answer 12

Heavy Staining, show up dark.

Clumped DNA

Question 13

Euchromatin

Answer 13

Light Staining.

unwound DNA

Question 14

Plant Nucleotide Pairs

Answer 14

They have a lot more DNA due to the ability to perform photosynthesis.
Also, plants are sedentary and need genes that transcript for survival mechanisms.

Question 15

Amphibian Nucleotide Pairs

Answer 15

They have a lot genes because of their two lifestyles: Land and water

Question 16

Interphase

Answer 16

Period of growth between mitosis. G1, S, G2.

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

nucleus disappears and chromatin condense into chromosomes. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles. Mitotic spindle forms

Question 18

metaphase

Answer 18

chromosomes further condense and align at the equatorial plane

Question 19

anaphase

Answer 19

sister chromosomes move toward spindle poles

Question 20

telophase

Answer 20

sister chromsomes arrive at the poles

Question 21

cytokinesis

Answer 21

cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm and duplicated chromsomes into two daughter cells.

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

consist of a small and large subunit that come together by binding a mRNA strand.
Translation of proteins

Question 23

Free Ribosomes

Answer 23

synthesize proteins that stay in the cell

Question 24

Rough ER Ribosomes

Answer 24

synthesize proteins that are secreted out of the cell

Question 25

Functions of ER

Answer 25

1. Cleavage of signal peptide 2. Protein folding 3. Attachment of oligosaccharides 4. Smooth ER synthesize phospholipids, fats, and steroids 5. Enzymes responsible for detoxification of drugs and other harmful substances

Question 26

Protein Folding in the RER

Answer 26

1. Signal peptide is cleaved off 2. Polypeptide is pushed into lumen of ER with chaperone proteins 3. Proper folding and posttranslational modifications occur 4. Misfolded proteins are translocated into cytosol and degraded.

Question 27

Glycosylation

Answer 27

Saccharide moieties are transferred onto polypeptide chain from glycoproteins

Question 28

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 28

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the ER. - Continuous with the ER - Cis face is closest to RER - Trans face releases large vesicles with mature proteins

Question 29

COP-II

Answer 29

Protein that promotes forward movement from ER to Golgi

Question 30

COP-I

Answer 30

Protein that promotes retrograde movement of vesicles from Golgi to ER

Question 31

KDEL receptor

Answer 31

mediates the retrieval of misfolded proteins from the Golgi back to the ER

Question 32

cis Golgi Network

Answer 32

phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins

Question 33

cis cisterna

Answer 33

removal of mannose

Question 34

medial cisterna

Answer 34

removal of mannose and addition of n-acetylglucosamine

Question 35

trans cisterna

Answer 35

addition of galactose

Question 36

trans Golgi Network

Answer 36

Addition of n-acetylneutraminic acid NANA | & sorting

Question 37

Mannose-6-Phospate

Answer 37

Marker that is added during cis Golgi that determines segregation to lysosomes

Question 38

Lysomsomes

Answer 38

- bind with other vesicles and create an acidic envirnoment | - acid hydrolases exhibit optimal enzymatic activity at pH 5

Question 39

Secondary Lysosomes

Answer 39

form from the fusion of a primary lysosome and another vesicle