Bone Flashcards
1
Q
Specialized Connective Tissue with mineralized extracellular matrix
A
Roles:
- support body mass
- facilitate movement
- protect vital organs
- site of hematopoiesis
- calcium reservoir
2
Q
Bone Compared to cartilage
A
Similarities:
- Hard Tissues
- Contain living cells embedded in matrix (lacunae)
- Common mesenchymal progenitor cells
Differences:
- bone heavily vascularized/ cartilage avascular
- Bone access to blood vessels via canaliculi
- Cartilage less calcified, uses long range diffusion
3
Q
How mechanical stress affects bone structure
A
- compression and movement required for proper bone remodeling
- plasticity used by orthodontists to modify position of teeth in jaw
- loss of bone during space flight or immobilization
- Piezoelectric potential
4
Q
Piezoelectric potential
A
- since bone is crystalized, when you cause stress to it, it will generate an electric potential
- negative, bone deposition
- positive, bone reabsorbrion
5
Q
Non Cellular Bone Matrix: Organic Components
A
- 25% of total bone mass, mostly fibrous
6
Q
Fibers
A
- Non cellular, Organic component of bone
- Collagen type I
- provides elasticity, tensile strength
7
Q
Ground Substance (amorphous)
A
- Non cellular, organic component
- Glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin and Keratan sulfates)
- Glycoproteins
- Osteoid- newly secreted organic matrix ( not yet fully calcified)
8
Q
Osteonectin and osteopontin
A
- Glycoproteins
- anchors minerals to collagen, initiate mineralizaiton and promote crystal formation
9
Q
Osteocalcin and Bone Sialoprotein
A
- calcium binding proteins
10
Q
Non Cellular Inorganic Components of bone
A
- 50-70% of bone mass
- provide compressive strength
- Mainly salts of calcium phosphate in amorphous or crystalline form
- Crystals- Hydroxyapatite
- Water represents about 15% of bone mass
- Hydration shell around hydroxyapatite crystals facilitate calcium exchange with fluids
11
Q
Decalcification
A
- Flexible tissue
- Only the organic parts are left
12
Q
Grinding
A
- Grind down to the inorganic crystals
- translucent ground sections
13
Q
Mesenchymal Osteoprogenitor
A
- Osteogenic cell (stem cell)
- committed mesenchymal cell
- Commitment is controlled by Bone Morphogenic proteins
- Located in inner and outer linings of bone
- can self renew or differentiate
- Self renewal: PDGF, TGFB, IGF
- Differentiation: BMP, VitD3
14
Q
Osteoblast
A
- Bone forming cell
- non dividing cell
- located on bone matrix surface
- secrete bone matrix (OSTEOID)
- High secretory activity shown by abundant RER, Golgi
- Secretion activated by GH, sex steroids
- Deposition of osteoid between osteoblast cell layer and existing bone
- Secrete factors that promote osteoclast activity
15
Q
Osteocyte
A
- Terminally differentiated cell
- Osteoblast that becomes trapped in osteoid
- in spaces called lacunae
- extend filopodia (skinny microvilli) in canaliculi (canals connecting cells- gap junctions)
16
Q
Osteocytic Osteolysis (
A
- limited calcium release inside lacunae
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases resorption (chief cells of parathyroid gland)
- Calcitonin decreases resorption (parafollicular cells of thyroid gland)
17
Q
Osteoclast
A
- Bone Resorbing Cell
- Macrophage/monocyte lineage
- multinucleated: fusion of monocytes promoted by Vitamin D
- large, non dividing, mobile
- on bone resoprtive and free surfaces in small cavitations called Howships Lacunae
- Has a ruffled border
18
Q
Ruffled Border
A
- Bone Resorption zone inside the Howship’s lacunae
- cytoplasmic processes
- surrounded by a ring shape sealing zone (clear zone)
- Increases surface area for resorption of bone
19
Q
Osteoclastic Osteolysis
A
= bone resoprtion
1)Focal decalcification by acidification (citric acid release, carbonic anhydrase)
2)Extracellular digestion by hydrolytic enzymes (collagenase, acid phosphatase, sulfatase) for proteolysis
- Required for bone remodeling and repair
Regulated by:
- PTH(via osteoblasts): increases resorption
- Calcitonin, estrogens: decreases resorption
20
Q
Periosteum
A
- Outer surfaces
- Tough connective tissue membrane
- Covers bone outer surface (except articular and tendon insertion surfaces)
- Fibrous periosteum (FP)- outer fibrous layer, highly vasularized
- Osteogenic periosteum (OP)- inner cellular layer (osteogenic cells, osteoblasts)
- Attached to bone by collagen fiber bundles- Sharpey’s fibers
- Point of origin of Volkmann’s canals containing blood vessels
21
Q
Endosteum
A
- inner surfaces
- Thin single cell layer (progenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts)
- Lines bone internal surfaces (trabeculae, haversian canals)
- Important for bone nutrition and maintenance
22
Q
Role of Periosteum and endosteum in bone growth, repair and remodeling
A
- Both contain osteogenic cells
- cells that divide (mesenchymal)
- Cells that can give rise to either osteoblast or chondroblast in function of environment and vasularization
- commintment is dependent on the presence or absence of blood vessels in the area
23
Q
Bone Proper
A
Organization of collagen fibers in matrix determine the types of bone:
- Woven and Lamellar
24
Q
Woven
A
- Primary/ immature bone
- Random disposition of collagen fibrils, amorphous calcium phosphate
- in embryonic development and bone repair
25
Lamellar
- Secondary/ mature bone
- Organized disposition of collagen fibers (lamellae), crystalline calcium phosphate
- Cancellous (spongy)
- Compact (cortical)
- comes from remodeling of woven bone
- Adult bone
26
Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
- Network of irregular lamellae: Trabeculae (spicules)
- Farge spaces filled with bone marrow
- Mostly converted to compact bone
- Exceptions: flat bones, alveolar bone around teeth, short bones, epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones
27
Anastomose
- fusion of trabeculae trapping blood and lymphatic vessels inside canals
28
Compact (Cortical) Bone
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- Forms diaphysis of long bones, found as thin layer around epiphyses, forms the tables of skull flat bones
Highly organized bone lamellae:
- Circumferential (outer and inner)
- Harversian systems (osteons)
- Interstitial (areas between osteons)
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29
Haversian system
- cylindrical columns of 4-15 concentric lamellae surrounding a canal called haversian canal containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
- osteons
30
Volkmann's Canals
- Nutrient canals running at right anlge to the Haversian canals
- contain blood vessels and nerves of bones
31
Mechanism of Calcification
1) Osteoblast secretes the new organic matrix- osteoid
2) Osteoblast secrete factors allowing the subsequent mineralization of the matrix
3) osteoblasts become trapped in their own mineralized matrix: become osteocytes residing in lacunae
4) Osteocyte keeps a limited ability to secrete and reabsorb bone in its lacuna, allowing some bone turnover to occur
32
Alkaline Phosphatase
- Secreted by osteoblasts
- Promtes accumulation of inorganic phosphate in the osteoid, this is a point of saturation where calcium phosphate precipitates
33
Calcium Binding Proteins
- secreted by osteoblasts in the matrix
- High affinity
- osteonectin, osteocalcin
34
Matrix vesicles
- Secreted by osteoblasts in the matrix
| - contain pyrophosphate and enzymes that inhibit calcification and allow phosphate release
35
Balance between bone deposition and resorption
- bone deposition- ensure high vascularity - trapping of new vessels during bone deposition and anastamose of trabeculae
- Bone resorption- allows formation of canals/ marrow cavity
- required to maintain shape in growing bones
- Allows bone response to mechanical stress
- Osteons constantly remodeled
- Help maintain calcium homeostasis
36
Osteoporosis
- resorption--> deposition--> bone mass loss
37
Osteopetrosis
- deposition--> resorption--> bone mass excess
