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Histology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

General Features of Blood

A
  • Type of connective tissue
  • Transport: oxygen and other nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat and cells
  • Clinical tests: Hematocrit and differential count
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2
Q

Formed Elements of Blood

A
  • Cellular Material
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (Leukocytes)
  • Platelets( from megakaryocytes)
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3
Q

Differential Count

A
  • Used to see the composition of cells in persons blood
  • The blood is smeared and dried
  • Then stained with Romanovsky type stain
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4
Q

Granulocytes`

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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5
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

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6
Q

Plasma

A
  • 90% water, 10% solutes

- Solutes contain: proteins, small organics, and inorganics

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7
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumin (60%)- Contribute to osmotic pressure and can act as a lose binding protein
  • Globulins (35%)- include antibodies and transport globulins
  • Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots
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8
Q

Small organics in plasma

A
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • amino acids
  • organic wastes
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9
Q

Inorganic solutes in plasma

A
  • electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+, etc..)
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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Red blood cells
  • No nucleus
  • Cannot repair damaged proteins in the cell
  • limited life span (120 days)
  • very flexible, needs to squeeze through capillaries
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11
Q

Glycophorin

A
  • one of two major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the red blood cell
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12
Q

Anion Tranporter Channel

A
  • Allows bicarbonate to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for chlorine
  • facilitates the release of CO2 in the lungs
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13
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

A
  • Gas exchange (oxygen and CO2) is number one function
  • sickle cell anemia is caused by point mutation in hemoglobin
  • creates a more sickle cell shape
  • makes it inflexible and it is removed by spleen
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14
Q

Anemia

A

Low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system
Causes:
- Loss of blood- hemorrhage
- insufficient production of RBCs (low erythropoietin from kidney)
- RBCs with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency)
- Accelerated RBC destruction

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15
Q

RBC Life Cycle

A
  • Made in bone marrow and released after about a week in the circulatory system
  • Last about 120 days
  • removed once they become inflexible
  • Most of the time this happens in the spleen but 10% of the time it happens in the blood vessels
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16
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most common nucleated cell in the blood
  • sometimes called polymorphonuclear leukocytes
  • as it ages it becomes more lobulated
  • sometimes you will see a drumstick appendage- Barr Body- inactive X chromosome in female
17
Q

Non specific Granules in Neutrophils

A
  • primary lysosomes

- myleoperoxidase and acid hydrolases

18
Q

Specific Granules in Neutrophils

A
  • Salmon pink
  • secondary, or neutrophilic
  • Proteases and lysoszyme
19
Q

Diapedesis

A
  • the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
20
Q

Neutrophils Chemotaxis

A
  • Movement of neutrophils by the process of chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage
  • Move towards chemical signals, toxins
21
Q

Oxygen Dependent Phagocytosis of Bacteria via Neutrophils

A
  • Oxygen is converted into super oxide radical
  • then converted to hydrogen peroxide
  • then converted to hypochlorous acid (bleach)
22
Q

Oxygen Independent Phagocytosis of Bacteria via Neutrophils

A
  • Lysosomal degradation
23
Q

How Neutrophils possibly cause cancer

A
  • Neutrophils attacking bacteria and bleach type compounds are being released
  • Inadvertently release reactive oxygen species which can damage normal cell’s DNA
  • When normal cells repair their DNA, you can get a mismatch pair and this damages the nucleotides
  • A single mutation probably wont do anything but after an accumulation of these mutations, you can have very damaged DNA and it can cause cancer
24
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • contain lobulated eosinophilic granules
  • Eosinophilc Granule has two parts (striped)
    1) Externum - Peroxidase, Hydrolyic enzymes
    2) Internum (crystalline) - Major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, Neurotoxin
  • Attack parasites
  • Limits Inflammation (by inactivating Leukotrienes and histamine)
  • 2-4% of leukocytes
25
Q

Eosinophil Chemotaxis

A
  • migrate by diapedesis and chemotaxis in response to eosinophilic chemotactic factor secreted by basophils
26
Q

Basophils

A 
Have large Basophilic granules that contain: 
- Heparin (anti-coagulant)
- Proteases
- Histamine (increases vasuclar permeability, Vasodilator
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Functions:
- Inflammation
- Recruit eosinophils
About 0.5% of leukocytes
27
Q

Inflammatory Activity of Basophils and Mast Cells

A
  • Specific antigen bridges two adjacent IgE receptor molecules anchored to membrane receptor
  • Cytosolic calcium is mobilized
  • Granule and lipid mediators and cytokines are released
28
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Monocuclear phagocyte system- group of cells that play a role in phagocytosis
  • Differentiate into Macrophages and other phagocytic cells
  • Functions:
    1) non specific phagocytosis
    2) antigen presenting
  • 5% of leukocytes
29
Q

Antigen Presenting of Macrophages

A
  • Antigen is phagocytized, and the macrophage will use a lysosome to degrade it
  • Small peptides will be formed and bind with MHC
  • Then the MHC will be used to present the antigen to T cells
  • The T cell will then produce antibodies to destory the rest of the antigens in circulation
30
Q

Platelets

A
  • Fragments of cells released from bone marrow
  • Contains Hyalomere and Granulomere
  • Contains Platelet derived growth factor- used for endothelial cell mitosis
31
Q

Hyalomere

A
  • Peripheral microtubules and microfilaments in platelets
32
Q

Granulomere

A
  • The central portion of the platelet

- Contains granules and lysosomes

33
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • Vascular injury
  • Vasoconstriction - Reduces blood loss
  • Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in extracellular space
  • Aggregate- act as a plug
  • Release of fibrinogen which promotes blood clotting cascade
  • Becomes fibrin which acts as a net

Histology (25 decks)

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