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Histology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

General Feature of Muscle

A
  • Basic Tissue Type (most abundant)
  • Contractible
    Highly vascularized
  • ## Derived from embryonic mesoderm
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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • connected to bones - movement of extremities, etc.
  • under voluntary control
  • Striated
  • Multi - nucleated- located in the periphery (almost outside of the cell)
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3
Q

Development of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Derived from mesoderm

- Embryonic mesoderm cells-> myoblasts->multinucleatd myotuble

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4
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • has a role in the regeneration of cells
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5
Q

Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Damage occurs
  • initially cleaned by macrophages
  • Satellite Cells- fill in the gap and form a line which will regenerate the skeletal muscle
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6
Q

Plasticity of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • able to change in size (volume) but not number
  • Atrophy - decrease in the diameter of indiv muscle fibers
  • Hypertrophy- increase in diameter
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7
Q

Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Tightly packed similar to axons
  • CT - collagen fibers
  • Epimysium- packs the entire thing
  • Perimysium- packs of multiple fibers
  • Endomysium- Wraps individual Fibers
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8
Q

Actin and Myosin

A
  • directy involved with contraction
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9
Q

Dystrophin

A
  • membrane portein
  • Establishes a contact inside the cell with the actin component of cytoskeleton
  • Connected with elements on the outside
  • cross links actin with transmembrane glycoproteins
  • creates a complex
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10
Q

Titins

A
  • Proteins - form part of sacromere structure
  • Resemble springs- when sarcomere contracts, you need some sort of force to bring it back to original structure
  • on both sides of Z line
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11
Q

T tubules

A

0 transverse invaginations of sacrolemma

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12
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A
  • Sacroplasmic reticulum

- surrounds microfibrils

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13
Q

Triad

A
  • At junction of I and A band
  • T tubule in the middle from saroleema
  • 2 cisternae on each side from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Plays a role in transmission of Ca that is released at the synapse
  • Ca triggers the movement of muscle
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14
Q

Sacromere

A
  • I band has the Z line in it (strictly Actin- very organized in circles of 6 filaments)
  • A band containing Actin and myosin
  • H band has the M line which anchors myosin ( strictly Myosin
  • Regions with both myosin and actin- every myosin filament is surrounded by actin
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15
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • Actin binding protein
  • More of a filamentous protein
  • able to bind to actin at different spots
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16
Q

Troponin

A
  • Actin Binding protein
  • Globular protein
  • 3 subunits
    1) TnT- specialized in binding tropomyosin
    2) TnC- specialized in binding Ca
    3) TnI- Inhibits the actin myosin interactions
17
Q

Myofilaments Control of Muscle Contraction

A
  • Ca comes in due to action potential - from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Conformational change in troponin- binding site for myosin which was covered by tropomyosin
  • myosin is now able to interact with actin
  • ATPase activity- cleaves ATP to ADP (hydrolysis)
  • When this happens myosin is able to interact with actin filaments
  • Need Ca to cleave ATP and have a muscle contraction
18
Q

Innervation by Motor Unit

A
  • Single muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron but one neuron may innervate more than one fiber
19
Q

The motor end plate

A
  • Presynaptic section has vesicles
  • formation of junctional fold- number of T tubules
  • Release occurs
  • Neurotransmitter - acetylcholine - cholinergic neurons
  • Folds need to have proper receptor
  • Cholinesterase - if this wasn’t there, there would be constant contractions- cleaves any excess acetylcholine
20
Q

Propioceptors

A
  • Muscle spindle- specialized nerve ending
  • Golgi Tendon Organ- formed capsule of nerve tissue
  • Contains Afferent neurons held in place by network of collagen fibers
  • Sends signals by movement of tendons
  • Intrafusal Fibers- internal fibers
  • Extrafusal Fibers- fibers not in the spindle
21
Q

Nuclear Chain Fiber

A
  • Chain of nuclei in the middle of the fiber
22
Q

Nuclear Bag Fiber

A
  • all the nuclei are in a central bag
23
Q

Red Fibers

A
  • Type I slow twitch
  • Contain a large amount of myoglobin
  • Contain many mitochondria
  • Oxidative respiration
  • Contract slow but continue for a long time
24
Q

White Fibers

A
  • Type II, fast twitch
  • little myoglobin
  • Glycolytic respoiration
  • Abundant glycogen
  • Contract quick but fatigue easy
25
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • located in the heart
  • involuntary control
  • Striated
  • Mono nucleated
26
Q

Structure of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

A
  • Fibers are different - shorter and connected via intercalated discs
  • One fiber can branch
27
Q

Intercalated Discs

A
  • At the interdigitations - where the two cells come together- there is irregularity
  • Cohesion maintained primarily by gap juncitons
  • Fascia (Zonula Adherins) and Macula adherens (desomosmes) found in the vertical portions
  • Gap junctions found in the horizontal portions
28
Q

Conducting Pathway of the heart

A
  • SA node–> AV node–> AV bundle (connects the atria to the ventricles)–> bundle branches–> purkinje fibers
29
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Has a cardio acceleratory and cardio inhibitor center

- Depending on where it is stimulated, it can accelerate or inhibit the beating of the heart

30
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

A
  • Atrial Natriuetic peptide (ANP)
  • Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
  • Maintain Blood pressure
  • Promote elimination of water and Na through urination
31
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • In hollow organs
  • Involuntary control
  • non striated
  • Mono nucleated
  • Has a spindle shape characteristic
  • Nucleus is usually in the center
  • Most organelles are either on one end or the other
  • Contains Dense bodies
  • No T tubules
  • Contains caveolae
32
Q

Dense Bodies

A
  • Has to do with the way these cells contract- different from other mucles
  • Actinin- anchoring sites for actin filaments and intermediate filaments
33
Q

Multi Unit Smooth Muscle

A
  • Loosely packed
  • more richly innervated for rapid contractions
  • need more axons
34
Q

Visceral Smooth Muscle

A
  • Found in most hollow organs

- poorly innervated with slow movement

35
Q

Varicosities

A
  • Regions filled with vesicles of neurotransmitter

- interact with the smooth muscle at these

Histology (25 decks)

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