Oral Solution Dosage Forms II (Methods) Flashcards

1
Q

The perquisite for pharmaceutical solution is the exclusive presence of…

A

dissolved therapeutic agent

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2
Q

Which components of formulation (therapeutic agent + excipients) should be soluble?

A

ALL components - with NO evidence of precitipation

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3
Q

Pharmaceutical oral solutions=

A

Oral solutions
Oral syrups
Oral elixirs Linctus

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4
Q

Lactulose oral solution excipient?

A

Purified water (lactulose is water-soluble)

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5
Q

What is the use of laculose oral solution?

A

used as a laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults and geriatric patients

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6
Q

What does lactulose consist of?

A

one molecule of GALACTOSE and one molecule of FRUCTOSE = a synthetic. disaccharide derivative of lactose

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7
Q

Is lactulose absorbed or unabsorbed?

A

UNabsorbed - produces an osmotic diarrhoea

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8
Q

Oral syrups properties?

A

HIGHLY concentrated, aqueous solutions of a sugar or a sugar substitute

  • contains flavouring agents
  • UNFLAVOURED syrup contains 85% sucrose
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9
Q

What are major components of oral syrups?

A

1) purified water
2)Sugar (sucrose) | sorbitol (non-sucrose) | sugar substitutes (artificial sweeteners)

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10
Q

Do syrups have high or low viscosity?

A

HIGH = due to inherent sweetness

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11
Q

High (sucrose) and associated unavailability of water (low water activity)…

A
  • preservatives
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12
Q

Consideration to the physiochemical properties of the drug

A

Cherry syrup + orange syrup acidic&raquo_space;> solubility of acidic drugs may be lowered

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13
Q

equation used:

A

pH − pKa = log⁡([A^−])/([HA])

Reduced chemical stability for acid-labile therapeutic agents

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14
Q

Medicated sugar-free syrups due to

A

Glycogenetic and cariogenic properties of sucrose

For administration to children and to diabetic patients

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15
Q

Syrup substitutes must provide equivalent:

A

sweetness, viscosity and preservation to the original syrups

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16
Q

To achieve these properties (sweet, viscosity and preservation)…

A

Artificial sweeteners (typically saccharin sodium, aspartame)

Non-glycogenetic viscosity modifiers (e.g. methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose)

Preservatives (e.g. sodium benzoate, benzoic acid and parahydroxybenzoate esters) are included.

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17
Q

Methyl parahydroxybenzoate

A

preservative

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18
Q

Xathan gum

A

↑ viscosity

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19
Q

Citric acid monohydrate

A

antioxidant; buffering agent

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20
Q

Raspberry aroma flavouring

A

synthetic and natural flavourings

21
Q

What are oral ELIXIRS?

A

s a clear, hydroalcoholic solution for oral use

22
Q

Why is alcohol required in oral solution of elixirs?

A

To ensure all components remain in solution
* Other polyol co-solvents may be
incorporated

23
Q

why is adding alcohol a possible problem?

A

For adults who wish to avoid alcohol/alcoholics - quitting

24
Q

Typical components of ELIXIRS:

A
  • Purified water
  • Alcohol
    • co-solvent to ensure solubility
  • Polyol co-solvents
    • Propylene glycol, glycerol to enhance solubility
    • Enables the [alcohol] to be reduced
  • Sweetening agents
    • Similar to syrups
    • High [alcohol] prohibits the incorporation of high [sucrose] due to the limited solubility of this sweetening agent in the elixir vehicle
  • Flavours and colours
25
Phenergan elixir contains...
promethazine (antihistamine)
26
Promethazine is used as...
* As symptomatic treatment for allergic conditions of the upper respiratory tract and skin including allergic rhinitis, urticaria and anaphylactic reactions to drugs and foreign proteins * As an antiemetic * For short term use ○ Treatment of insomnia in adults ○ Paediatric sedative
27
How is Phenergan elixir suitable and designed for children?
An alcohol-free, sugar-free antihistamine formulation designed for use by children
28
Maltitol liquid
sweetening agent
29
Citric acid monohydrate
antioxidant; buffering agent
30
Sodium citrate
buffering agent; chelating agent
31
Orange juice
flavour
32
Caramel
colourant
33
Sodium metabisulphite
preservative; antioxidant
34
Linctuses:
* Viscous preparations that contain the therapeutic agent dissolved in a vehicle composed of a high percentage of sucrose and, if required, other sweetening agents
35
Why is linctures used:
the treatment of relief of dry, irritating cough, due to their soothing actions on the inflamed mucous membranes
36
Can linctuses be sugar-free?
Yes, for patients with diabetes
37
Ethanol (96%)
co-solvent
38
Quinoline Yellow
colourant
39
Benzoic Acid Solution
preservative
40
Lemon Oil Terpeneless
flavour
41
Citric Acid Monohydrate
antioxidant; buffering agent
42
Mouthwashes and gargles are used for;
treatment of infection and inflammation of the oral cavity
43
Water as the vehicle
Co-solvent may be employed to solubilise the active agent
44
What is a vehicle?
A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered
45
What is the effect of alcohol on the mouthwashes/ garlgles?
may enhance the antimicrobial properties of the therapeutic agent
46
Methyl Salicylate
antiseptic
47
Thymol
antioxidative and anti-inflammatory
48
Zinc Chloride
reduce morning oral malodour