Oral Solution Dosage Forms II (Methods)

Question 1

The perquisite for pharmaceutical solution is the exclusive presence of…

Answer 1

dissolved therapeutic agent

Question 2

Which components of formulation (therapeutic agent + excipients) should be soluble?

Answer 2

ALL components - with NO evidence of precitipation

Question 3

Pharmaceutical oral solutions=

Answer 3

Oral solutions
Oral syrups
Oral elixirs Linctus

Question 4

Lactulose oral solution excipient?

Answer 4

Purified water (lactulose is water-soluble)

Question 5

What is the use of laculose oral solution?

Answer 5

used as a laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults and geriatric patients

Question 6

What does lactulose consist of?

Answer 6

one molecule of GALACTOSE and one molecule of FRUCTOSE = a synthetic. disaccharide derivative of lactose

Question 7

Is lactulose absorbed or unabsorbed?

Answer 7

UNabsorbed - produces an osmotic diarrhoea

Question 8

Oral syrups properties?

Answer 8

HIGHLY concentrated, aqueous solutions of a sugar or a sugar substitute

• contains flavouring agents
• UNFLAVOURED syrup contains 85% sucrose

Question 9

What are major components of oral syrups?

Answer 9

1) purified water
2)Sugar (sucrose) | sorbitol (non-sucrose) | sugar substitutes (artificial sweeteners)

Question 10

Do syrups have high or low viscosity?

Answer 10

HIGH = due to inherent sweetness

Question 11

High (sucrose) and associated unavailability of water (low water activity)…

Answer 11

• preservatives

Question 12

Consideration to the physiochemical properties of the drug

Answer 12

Cherry syrup + orange syrup acidic&raquo_space;> solubility of acidic drugs may be lowered

Question 13

equation used:

Answer 13

pH − pKa = log⁡([A^−])/([HA])

Reduced chemical stability for acid-labile therapeutic agents

Question 14

Medicated sugar-free syrups due to

Answer 14

Glycogenetic and cariogenic properties of sucrose

For administration to children and to diabetic patients

Question 15

Syrup substitutes must provide equivalent:

Answer 15

sweetness, viscosity and preservation to the original syrups

Question 16

To achieve these properties (sweet, viscosity and preservation)…

Answer 16

Artificial sweeteners (typically saccharin sodium, aspartame)

Non-glycogenetic viscosity modifiers (e.g. methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose)

Preservatives (e.g. sodium benzoate, benzoic acid and parahydroxybenzoate esters) are included.

Question 17

Methyl parahydroxybenzoate

Answer 17

preservative

Question 18

Xathan gum

Answer 18

↑ viscosity

Question 19

Citric acid monohydrate

Answer 19

antioxidant; buffering agent

Question 20

Raspberry aroma flavouring

Answer 20

synthetic and natural flavourings

Question 21

What are oral ELIXIRS?

Answer 21

s a clear, hydroalcoholic solution for oral use

Question 22

Why is alcohol required in oral solution of elixirs?

Answer 22

To ensure all components remain in solution
* Other polyol co-solvents may be
incorporated

Question 23

why is adding alcohol a possible problem?

Answer 23

For adults who wish to avoid alcohol/alcoholics - quitting

Question 24

Typical components of ELIXIRS:

Answer 24

• Purified water
• Alcohol
  
  • co-solvent to ensure solubility
• Polyol co-solvents
  
  • Propylene glycol, glycerol to enhance solubility
  • Enables the [alcohol] to be reduced
• Sweetening agents
  
  • Similar to syrups
  • High [alcohol] prohibits the incorporation of high [sucrose] due to the limited solubility of this sweetening agent in the elixir vehicle
• Flavours and colours

Question 25

Phenergan elixir contains…

Answer 25

promethazine (antihistamine)

Question 26

Promethazine is used as…

Answer 26

• As symptomatic treatment for allergic conditions of the upper respiratory tract and skin including allergic rhinitis, urticaria and anaphylactic reactions to drugs and foreign proteins
  
  • As an antiemetic
  • For short term use
    ○ Treatment of insomnia in adults
    ○ Paediatric sedative

Question 27

How is Phenergan elixir suitable and designed for children?

Answer 27

An alcohol-free, sugar-free antihistamine formulation designed for use by children

Question 28

Maltitol liquid

Answer 28

sweetening agent

Question 29

Citric acid monohydrate

Answer 29

antioxidant; buffering agent

Question 30

Sodium citrate

Answer 30

buffering agent; chelating agent

Question 31

Orange juice

Answer 31

flavour

Question 32

Caramel

Answer 32

colourant

Question 33

Sodium metabisulphite

Answer 33

preservative; antioxidant

Question 34

Linctuses:

Answer 34

• Viscous preparations that contain the therapeutic agent dissolved in a vehicle composed of a high percentage of sucrose and, if required, other sweetening agents

Question 35

Why is linctures used:

Answer 35

the treatment of relief of dry, irritating cough, due to their soothing actions on the inflamed mucous membranes

Question 36

Can linctuses be sugar-free?

Answer 36

Yes, for patients with diabetes

Question 37

Ethanol (96%)

Answer 37

co-solvent

Question 38

Quinoline Yellow

Answer 38

colourant

Question 39

Benzoic Acid Solution

Answer 39

preservative

Question 40

Lemon Oil Terpeneless

Answer 40

flavour

Question 41

Citric Acid Monohydrate

Answer 41

antioxidant; buffering agent

Question 42

Mouthwashes and gargles are used for;

Answer 42

treatment of infection and inflammation of the oral cavity

Question 43

Water as the vehicle

Answer 43

Co-solvent may be employed to solubilise the active agent

Question 44

What is a vehicle?

Answer 44

A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered

Question 45

What is the effect of alcohol on the mouthwashes/ garlgles?

Answer 45

may enhance the antimicrobial properties of the therapeutic agent

Question 46

Methyl Salicylate

Answer 46

antiseptic

Question 47

Thymol

Answer 47

antioxidative and anti-inflammatory

Question 48

Zinc Chloride

Answer 48

reduce morning oral malodour