oral com Flashcards
the words used to describe the subject
sensory language
two types of description
objective description
subjective/descriptive description
type of description where the writer presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and excluding personal impression of the subject
objective description
type of description where the writer gives personal impression of what is observed.
subjective/descriptive observation
three types of definitions
formal definition
informal definition
extended/expanded definition
8 patterns of development in writing across disciplines
narration
description
definition
exemplification and classification
cause and effect
compare and contrast
problem-solution
persuasive
this type of text portrays events and brings a scene or object to life in the imagination of the reader
descriptive text
this type of text tells story or events in chronological order
narrative text
a term that provides concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for familiar words, also used to explain technical words and concepts
Definitions
two forms of informal definition
connotation
denotation
this form of informal definition is the dictionary meaning of the word
denotation
this form of informal definition is the secondary meaning of a word not necessarily included in the dictionary
connotation
three principal parts of formal definition
species
genus
differentiae
methods in extended definition
- by stating the characteristics
- by function
- by what it is not
- by what it is similar to
- by examples
- by origin of word or etymology
- by its effect
two most common patterns of paragraph development
exemplification
classification
is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea or point, in developing this kind of paragraph the writer develops a general statement- the topic sentence with one or more examples to support it
exemplification
for instance, namely, to be specific, to clarify, to illustrate, etc. are all examples of
transitional expression
this is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange the subjects to groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics
classification
this writing discusses the elements that are similar
comparison
this writing discusses elements or ideas that are different
contrast
analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting them or both, it is to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two objects
compare and contrast essay
two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph/essay
block method
point by point (comparison)
this method is used to compare and contrast two subjects at one time
block method
this comparison addresses one subject at a time
point by point
is a text development pattern which explains why something happens, it also states the results of a particular event produces
cause and effect
this pattern focuses on the “how”- how will we do things and how can we resolve issues or concerns around us
problem-solution pattern
ways that a problem is addressed in a problem-solution pattern
effects only
cause and effect
extended example
ways to present a solution in problem-solution pattern
preventive measures
series of steps
advice
a choice of solution
this pattern focuses on how you can state details through presenting your views and encouraging your target readers to accept your argument
persuasive
this pattern can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or an advertisement
persuasive text
in persuasive text pattern, this serves as a background information about the topic
issue
is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue stated
argument
this is the details on how and why it supports the arguments
evidences
this is the final statement that persuades the readers
conclusion
this pattern contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.
narrative text
these words help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next
signal words
4 properties of a well-written text
organization
coherence and cohesion
language use
mechanics
means the connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity
coherence
means unifying ideas by binding words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs, thus show relationship and smooth “text flow”
cohesion
5 major issues with appropriate language that should be avoided
formality
jargons
slangs and idioms
euphemisms
biased language
basic parts of exemplification and classification pattern
topic sentence, classification, examples, transitional expressions
