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4q biological macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

are large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecule

A

biological macromolecules

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2
Q

four major classes of biological macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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3
Q

makes up most macromolecules that combine with each other linked by covalent bonds to form polymers

A

monomers

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4
Q

the process of monomers to combine with each other releasing water molecules as byproducts

A

dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

the process of breaking down polymers into monomers

A

hydrolysis

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6
Q

a component of carbohydrates that help provide energy to the body through glucose

A

starch

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7
Q

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen

A

1:2:1

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8
Q

monosaccharides that contains an aldehyde group

A

aldose

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9
Q

monosaccharides that contains a ketone group

A

ketose

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10
Q

monosaccharides that is part of lactose or milk sugar

A

galactose

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11
Q

monosaccharides found in sucrose in fruit

A

fructose

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12
Q

is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction

A

disaccharides

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13
Q

a covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule

A

glycosidic bond

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14
Q

is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose

A

lactose

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15
Q

is a disaccharide formed by dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules

A

maltose

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16
Q

the most common disaccharide which is compose of the monomers glucose and fructose

A

sucrose

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17
Q

a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharide

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18
Q

is the stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

A

starch

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19
Q

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is made up of monomers of glucose

A

glycogen

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20
Q

the process of breaking down glycogen to release glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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21
Q

is the most abundant natural bipolymer, makes up the cell wall of the plant

A

cellulose

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22
Q

enzyme that is secreted by bacteria and protists that reside in the rumen that can break down cellulose into glucose monomers to be used as energy source for the animal

A

cellulase

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23
Q

a biological macromolecule that makes up the exoskeleton, also a component of fungal cell walls

A

chitin

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24
Q

class of macromolecule that helps in energy storage in cells, includes fats, oils, waxes etc.

A

lipids

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25
Q

the two main components of a fat molecule

A

glycerol and fatty acids

26
Q

is an organic compound with three carbons, five hydrogens and three hydroxyl groups

A

glycerol

27
Q

have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached

A

fatty acid

28
Q

specialized cells where mammals store fats

A

adipocytes

29
Q

unsaturated fats that are liquid in room temperatures

A

oils

30
Q

a condition when there is an increase in trans fats in the human diet

A

increase in levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol

31
Q

covers the feathers of some aquatic birds and the leaf surfaces if some plants

A

waxes

32
Q

are major constituents of the plasma membrane and are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol

A

phospholipids

33
Q

the two important phospholipids found in plasma membranes

A

phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine

34
Q

is the most common steroid

A

cholesterol

35
Q

one of the most important organic molecules that may be for the purpose of structural, regulatory, contractile or protective, they are polymers of amino acids

A

proteins

36
Q

produced by living cells that are catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex proteins

A

enzymes

37
Q

enzymes that break down their substrates

A

catabolic enzymes

38
Q

enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrate

A

anabolic enzymes

39
Q

enzymes that affect the rate of reaction

A

catalytic enzymes

40
Q

factors that affect the rate of enzyme reactions

A

temperature
pH
amount of substrate/substrate concentration

41
Q

are monomers that make up the proteins

A

amino acids

42
Q

bond formed when each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond

A

peptide bond

43
Q

products of peptide bonds

A

peptides

44
Q

the chain as more/repeating amino acid linked by peptide bond

A

polypeptide

45
Q

process of protein losing its shape without losing its primary sequence

A

denaturation

46
Q

two main types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)

47
Q

is the genetic material found in all organisms

A

DNA

48
Q

a nucleic acid mostly involved in protein synthesis

A

RNA

49
Q

the intermediary used to communicate with the rest of the cell by the DNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

50
Q

monomers that make up the DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

51
Q

combination of nucleotides

A

polynucleotide

52
Q

three components of a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group

53
Q

nitrogenous bases that contains the DNA

A

Adenine(A)
Guanine(B)
Cytosine(C)
Thymine(T)

54
Q

four major types of RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
micro RNA (miRNA)

55
Q

sets of three bases to help read the mRNA

A

codons

56
Q

is a major constituent of ribosomes on which the mRNA binds

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

57
Q

is one of the smallest of the four types of RNA, it carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

58
Q

are the smallest RNA molecules, that is involved in the regulation of gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages

A

Micro RNA (miRNA)

59
Q

the process of DNA dictating the structure of the mRNA

A

transcription

60
Q

process of RNA dictating the structure of the protein

A

translation

2end (20 decks)

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