4q biological macromolecules

Question 1

are large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecule

Answer 1

biological macromolecules

Question 2

four major classes of biological macromolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Question 3

makes up most macromolecules that combine with each other linked by covalent bonds to form polymers

Answer 3

monomers

Question 4

the process of monomers to combine with each other releasing water molecules as byproducts

Answer 4

dehydration synthesis

Question 5

the process of breaking down polymers into monomers

Answer 5

hydrolysis

Question 6

a component of carbohydrates that help provide energy to the body through glucose

Answer 6

starch

Question 7

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen

Answer 7

1:2:1

Question 8

monosaccharides that contains an aldehyde group

Answer 8

aldose

Question 9

monosaccharides that contains a ketone group

Answer 9

ketose

Question 10

monosaccharides that is part of lactose or milk sugar

Answer 10

galactose

Question 11

monosaccharides found in sucrose in fruit

Answer 11

fructose

Question 12

is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction

Answer 12

disaccharides

Question 13

a covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule

Answer 13

glycosidic bond

Question 14

is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose

Answer 14

lactose

Question 15

is a disaccharide formed by dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules

Answer 15

maltose

Question 16

the most common disaccharide which is compose of the monomers glucose and fructose

Answer 16

sucrose

Question 17

a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer 17

polysaccharide

Question 18

is the stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

Answer 18

starch

Question 19

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is made up of monomers of glucose

Answer 19

glycogen

Question 20

the process of breaking down glycogen to release glucose

Answer 20

glycogenolysis

Question 21

is the most abundant natural bipolymer, makes up the cell wall of the plant

Answer 21

cellulose

Question 22

enzyme that is secreted by bacteria and protists that reside in the rumen that can break down cellulose into glucose monomers to be used as energy source for the animal

Answer 22

cellulase

Question 23

a biological macromolecule that makes up the exoskeleton, also a component of fungal cell walls

Answer 23

chitin

Question 24

class of macromolecule that helps in energy storage in cells, includes fats, oils, waxes etc.

Answer 24

lipids

Question 25

the two main components of a fat molecule

Answer 25

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 26

is an organic compound with three carbons, five hydrogens and three hydroxyl groups

Answer 26

glycerol

Question 27

have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached

Answer 27

fatty acid

Question 28

specialized cells where mammals store fats

Answer 28

adipocytes

Question 29

unsaturated fats that are liquid in room temperatures

Answer 29

oils

Question 30

a condition when there is an increase in trans fats in the human diet

Answer 30

increase in levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol

Question 31

covers the feathers of some aquatic birds and the leaf surfaces if some plants

Answer 31

waxes

Question 32

are major constituents of the plasma membrane and are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol

Answer 32

phospholipids

Question 33

the two important phospholipids found in plasma membranes

Answer 33

phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylserine

Question 34

is the most common steroid

Answer 34

cholesterol

Question 35

one of the most important organic molecules that may be for the purpose of structural, regulatory, contractile or protective, they are polymers of amino acids

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

produced by living cells that are catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex proteins

Answer 36

enzymes

Question 37

enzymes that break down their substrates

Answer 37

catabolic enzymes

Question 38

enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrate

Answer 38

anabolic enzymes

Question 39

enzymes that affect the rate of reaction

Answer 39

catalytic enzymes

Question 40

factors that affect the rate of enzyme reactions

Answer 40

temperature pH amount of substrate/substrate concentration

Question 41

are monomers that make up the proteins

Answer 41

amino acids

Question 42

bond formed when each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond

Answer 42

peptide bond

Question 43

products of peptide bonds

Answer 43

peptides

Question 44

the chain as more/repeating amino acid linked by peptide bond

Answer 44

polypeptide

Question 45

process of protein losing its shape without losing its primary sequence

Answer 45

denaturation

Question 46

two main types of nucleic acids

Answer 46

deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 47

is the genetic material found in all organisms

Answer 47

DNA

Question 48

a nucleic acid mostly involved in protein synthesis

Answer 48

RNA

Question 49

the intermediary used to communicate with the rest of the cell by the DNA

Answer 49

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 50

monomers that make up the DNA and RNA

Answer 50

nucleotides

Question 51

combination of nucleotides

Answer 51

polynucleotide

Question 52

three components of a nucleotide

Answer 52

nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group

Question 53

nitrogenous bases that contains the DNA

Answer 53

Adenine(A) Guanine(B) Cytosine(C) Thymine(T)

Question 54

four major types of RNA

Answer 54

messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) micro RNA (miRNA)

Question 55

sets of three bases to help read the mRNA

Answer 55

codons

Question 56

is a major constituent of ribosomes on which the mRNA binds

Answer 56

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 57

is one of the smallest of the four types of RNA, it carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

Answer 57

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 58

are the smallest RNA molecules, that is involved in the regulation of gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages

Answer 58

Micro RNA (miRNA)

Question 59

the process of DNA dictating the structure of the mRNA

Answer 59

transcription

Question 60

process of RNA dictating the structure of the protein

Answer 60

translation