4q biological macromolecules Flashcards
are large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecule
biological macromolecules
four major classes of biological macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
makes up most macromolecules that combine with each other linked by covalent bonds to form polymers
monomers
the process of monomers to combine with each other releasing water molecules as byproducts
dehydration synthesis
the process of breaking down polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
a component of carbohydrates that help provide energy to the body through glucose
starch
ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
1:2:1
monosaccharides that contains an aldehyde group
aldose
monosaccharides that contains a ketone group
ketose
monosaccharides that is part of lactose or milk sugar
galactose
monosaccharides found in sucrose in fruit
fructose
is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction
disaccharides
a covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule
glycosidic bond
is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose
lactose
is a disaccharide formed by dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules
maltose
the most common disaccharide which is compose of the monomers glucose and fructose
sucrose
a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharide
is the stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin
starch
is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is made up of monomers of glucose
glycogen
the process of breaking down glycogen to release glucose
glycogenolysis
is the most abundant natural bipolymer, makes up the cell wall of the plant
cellulose
enzyme that is secreted by bacteria and protists that reside in the rumen that can break down cellulose into glucose monomers to be used as energy source for the animal
cellulase
a biological macromolecule that makes up the exoskeleton, also a component of fungal cell walls
chitin
class of macromolecule that helps in energy storage in cells, includes fats, oils, waxes etc.
lipids
the two main components of a fat molecule
glycerol and fatty acids
is an organic compound with three carbons, five hydrogens and three hydroxyl groups
glycerol
have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached
fatty acid
specialized cells where mammals store fats
adipocytes
unsaturated fats that are liquid in room temperatures
oils
a condition when there is an increase in trans fats in the human diet
increase in levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol
covers the feathers of some aquatic birds and the leaf surfaces if some plants
waxes
are major constituents of the plasma membrane and are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
phospholipids
the two important phospholipids found in plasma membranes
phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine
is the most common steroid
cholesterol
one of the most important organic molecules that may be for the purpose of structural, regulatory, contractile or protective, they are polymers of amino acids
proteins
produced by living cells that are catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex proteins
enzymes
enzymes that break down their substrates
catabolic enzymes
enzymes that build more complex molecules from their substrate
anabolic enzymes
enzymes that affect the rate of reaction
catalytic enzymes
factors that affect the rate of enzyme reactions
temperature
pH
amount of substrate/substrate concentration
are monomers that make up the proteins
amino acids
bond formed when each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond
peptide bond
products of peptide bonds
peptides
the chain as more/repeating amino acid linked by peptide bond
polypeptide
process of protein losing its shape without losing its primary sequence
denaturation
two main types of nucleic acids
deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
is the genetic material found in all organisms
DNA
a nucleic acid mostly involved in protein synthesis
RNA
the intermediary used to communicate with the rest of the cell by the DNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
monomers that make up the DNA and RNA
nucleotides
combination of nucleotides
polynucleotide
three components of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases that contains the DNA
Adenine(A)
Guanine(B)
Cytosine(C)
Thymine(T)
four major types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
micro RNA (miRNA)
sets of three bases to help read the mRNA
codons
is a major constituent of ribosomes on which the mRNA binds
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
is one of the smallest of the four types of RNA, it carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
are the smallest RNA molecules, that is involved in the regulation of gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages
Micro RNA (miRNA)
the process of DNA dictating the structure of the mRNA
transcription
process of RNA dictating the structure of the protein
translation
