bio Flashcards
the basic unit of life
cell
coined the term “cell” for the box-like structure he observed when viewing cork tissue
Robert Hooke
discovered bacteria and protozoa he termed “animalcules”
Leeuwenhoek
they both studies tissues and proposed that plants and animals are made up of cells
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
stated “omnis cellula e cellula”
Rudolf Virchow
three postulates of cell
1.cell is the basic unit of life
2.both plants and animals are made up of cells
3.a cell comes from pre-existing cells
a cell that functions in transport of oxygen in the different parts of the body
Red Blood Cells
this causes dysentery or diarrhea found in vegetations in streams and ponds
amoeba proteus
controls the activity and processes of the organelles
nucleus
found within the nucleus that contains DNA and RNA
Nucleolus
is the starting material in production of proteins for metabolism
RNA
has presence of ribosomes attached to it that provides surface for synthesis of proteins
Rough ER
does not have ribosomes attached to it, it provides surface for the synthesis of lipids
Smooth ER
responsible for packaging and checking of proteins
Golgi apparatus
serves as the waste organelle that digests ad eliminates defective proteins
Lysosome
transport proteins to the different parts of the cell or in the neighboring cells
Vesicles
produces ATP (the energy needed for the processes in the cell)
Mitochondria
contains chlorophyll that is responsible in production of glucose or sugar
Chloroplast
keeps organelles in place
cytoplasm
is the boundary of the cell, it controls cell to cell communication, permeability of materials and made up of proteins, glycoproteins and phospholipid bilayer
cell membrane
cell type of plants and animals
eukaryotic cell
this type of cell has membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
cell type of bacteria
prokaryotic cell
a type of cell that has no membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotic cell
is a substance that can cause an infection
pathogen
pathogen that causes strep throat
streptococcus(bacteria)
pathogen that causes common cold
rhinovirus(virus)
pathogen that causes malaria
plasmodium(protozoan)
pathogen that causes tapeworm
cestoda(animal)
this type of cell contains circular chromosome called a plasmid
prokaryotic cell
a package of DNA
chromosome
how does prokaryotic cells help
digesting of food
prevent in stomach ulcers
stores water within a plant cell
central vacuole
closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants) only
chloroplast
the site of protein synthesis, transports materials within the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
transports materials outside of the cell
vesicle
the region inside of the cell except for the nucleus
cytoplasm
organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color
chloroplast
digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses or bacteria
lysosomes
firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants and bacteria
cell wall
produces a usable form of energy for the cell
mitochondria
packages proteins within the cell and makes lipids
golgi apparatus
gives the cell structure and holds organelles in place
cytoskeleton
site where ribosomes are made
nucleolus
the membrane surrounding the cell
plasma membrane
name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell
chromatin
consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
microtubules
small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
cillia
longer whip-like structures used for movement
flagella
Cells vary widely with respect to:
shape
size
number of organelles
types of organelles
These specialized cells make up about 40–45% of the total volume of blood
they have the important job of carrying oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body
red blood cells
the specialized cells that have the important job of absorbing the water when it passes through the stomach to the intestines
intestinal lining cells
thousands of tiny finger-like projections that help in absorbing water in the intestinal lining cells by increasing the surface area so the cell can absorb water more quickly.
microvilli
these specialized cells store the energy from food for future use
They are found under the skin and surrounding internal organs.
they contain droplets of fat in the cytosol
fat cells
this specialized cell protects the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within
epithelial cells
this specialized cell makes up the bones which support and protect the body
bone cells
four components shared among all cells:
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
ribosome
a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group
phospholipid
part of the plasma membrane which is a protein with carbohydrate attached
glycoprotein
part of the plasma membrane which is a lipid with carbohydrate attached
glycolipid
the region in the prokaryotic cell that prokaryotic DNA is found
nucleoid
used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation in prokaryotic cell
pili
these are used by bacteria to attach to a host cell
fimbriae
is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
is the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and nucleolus can be found
nucleoplasm
an unwound protein DNA complexes, a material that makes up the chromosome both when condensed and decondensed
chromatin
the two subunits of ribosome
large subunit
small subunit
cell’s main energy carrying molecule
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes that carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
peroxisomes
specialized peroxisomes in plants that are responsible for converting stored fats into sugars
glyoxysomes
is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
endomembrane system
an organelle within the nucleus that is organized around regions of some chromosomes containing DNA that encodes ribosomal DNA.
nucleolus
organelle that synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones
smooth ER
a specialized smooth ER in the muscle cell that is responsible for storage of the calcium ions for coordinate contractions of the muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
receiving side of the golgi apparatus
cis face
opposite side of the receiving side of the golgi apparatus
trans face
three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
the narrowest type of protein fiber in the cytoskeleton
microfilaments
this filament is purely for structural in cell, they bear tension, thus maintaining the shape of the cell and anchor the nucleus and organelles in place
intermediate filaments
are small hollow tubes that help the cell resist compression, track for vesicles to move, pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell and are also the structural elements of flagella, cilia, and centrioles
microtubules
an organelle where all microtubules originate, a microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells
centrosome
chief component of prokaryotic cell wall
peptidoglycan
the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall
cellulose
a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs within the space enclosed by a chloroplasts inner membrane
thylakoids
this is called as the stack of thylakoids
granum
the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana
stroma
the green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the photosynthesis
chlorophyll