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Locomotor > Opportunistic infections > Flashcards

Opportunistic infections Flashcards

1
Q

List some frequently encountered opportunistic pathogens?

A 
E.coli
Staph aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterococcus spp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp
Serratia spp
Proteus spp
Clostridium difficile
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2
Q

Which opportunistic pathogens may cause nocosomial epidemics?

A 
Staph aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterococcus spp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp
Serratia spp
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3
Q

Describe the local host factors which may contribute to an opportunistic infection?

A 
Anatomical defects
Surgical and other wounds
Burns
Catheterisation
Foreign bodies
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4
Q

Describe the systemic host factors which may contribute to an opportunistic infection?

A 
Extremes of age
Leucopenia
Malignancy
Malnutrition
Diabetes
Liver disease
Certain infections (eg. HIV, measles)
Treatment with antimicrobials
Primary immunodeficiency
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5
Q

List the types of infection that opportunistic pathogens may cause?

A 
Wound infection
UTI
Intra-abdominal infection
Pneumonia
Septicaemia
Meningitis
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6
Q

Describe the sources of opportunistic pathogens?

A

Endogenous (own microbiota) or exogenous

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7
Q

Why are hospital patients susceptible to opportunistic infections?

A

Many patients in hospital are being treated with antibiotics > makes them more susceptible to hospital pathogens (own microbiota low)

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8
Q

List specimens which could be taken to diagnose an opportunistic infection?

A 
Wound swab
Pus
Urine
Sputum
Blood
CSF
etc.
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9
Q

Describe the treatment for opportunistic infections?

A

Depends on antibiotic susceptibility
Nocosomial strains are often multiresistant
May require potent bactericidal agents

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10
Q

What is the most important measure for preventing opportunistic infections?

A

Aseptic technique, especially hand hygiene

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11
Q

Describe the morphology of pseudomonas?

A

Gram negative rod

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12
Q

Describe the metabolic properties of pseudomonas?

A

Aerobes or facultative anaerobes
Non-fermenting
Catalase and oxidase positive
Not very metabolically active, low nutritional requirements

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13
Q

Does pseudomonas produce spores?

A

No

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14
Q

Describe the classification of pseudomonas?

A

Divided into species according to biochemical tests

P. aeurginosa further subtyped (use RFLP or MLST)

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15
Q

Which species often colonise the respiratory tract of CF patients?

A

Ps. aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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16
Q

Which species related to Ps.aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of pneumonia in the NT?

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

17
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Ps. aeruginosa?

A

Widespread in nature (especially moist environments)
Transiently colonises skin, mucous membranes and GIT
Leading nocosomial pathogen

18
Q

Which group of patients are particularly susceptible to Ps. aeruginosa?

A

CF patients

19
Q

How is Ps. aeruginosa usually acquired?

A

From environment

20
Q

How is Ps. aeurginosa spread in hospitals?

A

On hands and fomites

21
Q

Describe the antibiotic susceptibility of Ps. aeruginosa?

A

All strains intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics and weak disinfectants

22
Q

Describe the diseases caused by Ps. aeruginosa?

A

SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS
Skin: wound infections, otitis externa, folliculitis
Eye: keratitis, corneal ulcer

DEEP AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
Pulmonary: nocosomial pneumonia, chronic infection in CF patients
Other: UTI, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septicaemia

23
Q

Describe the adhesion and invasion of Ps.aeruginosa?

A

Does not invade intact skin unless in very large numbers
Adheres weakly to epithelium via flagella, pili, LPS
LPS and falgellin bind TLRs
LPS core binds CFTR
Once adherent, produce biofilm
Capsule assists in adherence and biofilm formation

24
Q

Describe the properties of Ps.aeruginosa in biofilms?

A 
Non-motile
More capsule material
More adherent
Less invasive
Shorter LPS
Slowed growth
Increased antibiotic resistance
25
Q

What do the properties of Ps. aeruginosa in biofilms result from?

A

Activation of genes involved in quorum sensing (bacterial cross-talk)

PICTURE SLIDE 28

26
Q

Describe pseudomonas infections in patients with CF?

A

Defect in CFTR > thick mucous, impaired mucociliary function
Pseudomonas and staph not inhibited by high salt concentrations
Bacteria in biofilms resist mechanical removal
DNA secreted by bacteria anmd dying cells > thickened mucous

27
Q

What is management of pseudomonas targeted towards?

A

Prevention

Cannot be eradicated

Locomotor (28 decks)

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