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Locomotor > Knee joint > Flashcards

Knee joint Flashcards

1
Q

Which joints are found in the knee joint?

A

Tibiofemoral joint

Patellofemoral joint

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2
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial

Modified hinge

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3
Q

Which movements occur at the knee joint?

A

Flexion/extension

Slight rotation in flexion

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4
Q

When is the knee joint most stable?

Why?

A

Extension (close packed position)

Strong support from ligaments

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5
Q

Whta type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid - resides within quadriceps tendon

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6
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint enclosed by?

A

Same capsule that encloses tibiofemoral joint

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7
Q

Describe why the articular surfaces provide little support in the knee joint?

A

Discrepancy in shape: distal end of femur has rounded condyles, which articulate with a flat tibial plateau

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8
Q

Where does the knee joint gain most of its support from?

A

Cruciate ligaments

Collateral ligaments

Menisci

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9
Q

When is the knee joint most susceptible to injury?

A

In flexion and rotation

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10
Q

Describe the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

A

Medial condyles of femur and tibia longer than lateral

Lateral condyles of femur and tibia wider than medial

Inter-condylar area

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11
Q

What is the significance of the inter-condylar notch of the femur?

A

Contains ACL

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12
Q

What is the significance of the inter-condylar area of the tibia?

A

Site of attachment of menisci and cruciate ligaments

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13
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the knee joint during extension?

A

Femur rotates medially on fixed tibia

Occurs in last 15-20 degrees

All ligaments tight in full extension

PASSIVE

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14
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the knee joint during flexion?

A

ACTIVE contraction of politeus

Femur rotates laterally on fixed tibia

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15
Q

Describe the direction of pull of politeus?

A
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16
Q

Describe the capsule of the knee joint?

A

Attached around articular margins

Encloses intracapsular structures: menisci, cruciate ligaments, synovial membrane

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17
Q

Describe the location of the cruciate ligaments in relation to the joint capsule and synovial membrane?

A

Intracapsular

Extrasynovial

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18
Q

Describe the reinforcements of the joint capsule?

A

Anterior: patellar tendon and retinacular fibres

Lateral: popliteus, biceps femoris, iliotibial tract

Medial: pes anserinus tendons

Posterior: oblique popliteal ligament (from semimembranosus)

19
Q

Describe the pes anserinus at the knee joint?

A

Muscle insertions: sartorius, gracilis, bursa, semitendinosus

(SAY GRACE BEFORE TEA)

20
Q

Describe the deficiencies in the capsule of the knee joint?

A

Above: suprapatellaer bursa

Posteriorly: politeus tendon and semimembranosus bursa

21
Q

Where in the knee joint does a Baker’s cyst arise?

A

Posteriorly

Swelling of semimembranosus bursa

22
Q

List the bursae of the knee joint?

Which are communicating?

A

COMMUNICATING

Suprapatellar

Popliteus/semimembranosus

NON-COMMUNICATING

Prepatellar

Superficial infrapatellar

Deep infrapatellar

23
Q

Describe the attachments of the cruciate ligaments?

A

ACL: attaches anteriorly on the tibia, and lateral condyle of the femur

PCL: attaches posteriorly on the tibia, and medial condyle of the femur

24
Q

What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Prime stabilisers in the AP direction

ACL: prevents tibia being displaced anteriorly to femur, or femur being displaced posterior to tibia when weight bearing

PCL: prevents tibia from being displaced posteriorly to femur, or femur being displaced anterior to tibia when weight bearing

25
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the ACL during joint felxion and extension?

A

Ligament twists on itself during flexion

Untwists in extension and pulls lateral condyle in medial direction (passive extension)

26
Q

When does injury of the ACL occur?

A

When rotation occurs laterally

Involves extension on weight-bearing leg

27
Q

When is the PCL prone to injury?

A

Fall on flexed knee

Bumper bar impact

28
Q

Describe the attachments of the MCL?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur

Superifical: medial tibia

Deep: blends with deep fibres of medial meniscus

29
Q

Describe the structure of the MCL?

A

2 parts: superficial (long, broad fibres) and deep (merges with medial meniscus) fibres

30
Q

Describe the function of the MCL?

A

Resists valgus forces

Resists lateral rotation of tibia

Limits anterior displacement of tibia when ACL damaged

31
Q

Describe the attachments of the LCL?

A

Lateral epicondyle of femur

Lateral tibia

32
Q

What separates the LCL from the lateral meniscus?

A

Popliteus

33
Q

Describe the function of the LCL?

A

Resists varus forces

34
Q

Describe the function of the menisci?

A

Shock absorb

Weight distribution

Increase area of contact in knee joint by 1/3

35
Q

Describe the structure of the menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage

Wedge-shaped

36
Q

Which meniscus is more commonly injured?

Why?

A

Medial: longer, horns are further apart, less mobile (MCL attachment)

37
Q

Describe the consequence of meniscal injury?

A

Contributes to locked knee

38
Q

Describe the repair of meniscal tears?

A

Tear in periphery - can be reapired due to blood supply

Tear in centre - poor repair due to poor blood supply

39
Q

What are the articular surfaces in the patello-femoral joint?

A

Patella

Patellar surface of femur

40
Q

Which structures maintain the alignment of the patello-femoral joint?

A

Vastus medialis

Medial patellar retinaculum

Raised lip on lateral femoral condyle

41
Q

Why is the patella prone to tracking laterally?

A

Pulled by strong quadriceps muscles

42
Q

What does lateral tracking of ther patella predispose to?

A

Subluxation/dislocation

43
Q

What is Angle Q?

A

Quadriceps angle

Angle between tendon of quadriceps and patellar tendon

Locomotor (28 decks)

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