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Locomotor > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

When may eradictaed diseases reappear?

A

When vacciination stops

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2
Q

What is a possible consequence of stopping vaccinations?

A

Eradicated diseases may reappear

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3
Q

Describe the applications of immunisation?

A

Prevent infection

Treat infection

Prevent or treat non-infectious conditions (eg. cancer)

Modify immune responses

Modify physiological processes

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4
Q

What are the two broad types of immunisation?

A

Active

Passive

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5
Q

Describe the two types of passive immunisation?

Which is more common?

A

Antibodies (more common)

Immune cells

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6
Q

Describe the applications of passive immunisation with Ig?

A

Treat and prevent infection

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7
Q

Describe the sources of Ig for passive immunisation?

A

Human

Horse

Monoclonal (modified mouse)

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8
Q

Describe the two types of passive immunisation with Ig?

A

Standard (pooled): derived from plasma (leftover from blood donors)

Hyperimmune: from people that have very high titres of Abs to common infections

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9
Q

Describe the features of passive immunisation with Ig?

A

Short-lived

Potentially hazardous (can get immune reactions)

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10
Q

List the living immunising agents for active immunisation?

A

Unattenuated

Empirically attenuated

Rationally unattenuated

Reassortants

Antigen expressed on living vector

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11
Q

Describe empirically attenuated immunising agents?

Give an example?

A

Grow agent under conditions that it doesn’t like > eventually adapts > won’t be able to grow in humans anymore

e.g. BCG vaccine

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12
Q

Describe rationally attenuated immunising agents?

Give an example?

A

Delete genes/components from agent

None licensed at the moment
Used to have live oral cholera vaccine

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13
Q

Describe how immunising agents can have antigen expressed on a living vector?

Give an example?

A

Take an exisiting living vaccine > clone genes into it for virulence factors of other bugs (e.g. clone genes for e.coli adhesins into attenuated live salmonella typhi > combined travellers diarrhoea vaccine)

No examples yet

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14
Q

List the living unattenuated vaccines?

Why don’t they cause disease?

A

Respiratory adenovirus (different route)

Rotavirus (different host - attenuated from other animals)

Vaccinia

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15
Q

List the living empirically attenuated vaccines for viruses and bacteria?

A

Viruses: polio (Sabin OPV), MMR, VZV, rotavirus, yellow fever

Bacteria: BCG, typhoid (Ty21a)

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16
Q

List the living rationally attenuated vaccines?

A

Cholera

17
Q

List the reassortant vaccines?

A

Rotavirus (RotaTeq)

Influenza (Not in AUS)

18
Q

List the non-replicating immunising agents?

A

Inactivated virion, bacterium

Purified product or component

Product of cloned gene

Synthetic immunogen (experimental only)

DNA vaccine (experimental only)

19
Q

List the inactivated vaccines for viruses and bacteria?

A

Viruses: polio (Salk IPV), influenza, Hep A, Japanese encephalitis, rabies

Bacteria: cholera, typhoid, pertussis, Q fever

20
Q

List the component vaccines for viruses?

A

Hep B (use recombinant DNA)

HPV (use virus-like particles)

21
Q

List the componnt vaccines for bacteria?

A

Acellular pertussis

Toxoids: diptheria, tetanus, (cholera)

Capsular polysaccharide: unmodified (23vPPV, Vi) and modified (Hib, 10vPCV, 13vPCV, MenCCV, 4vMenCV)

22
Q

Which people receive conjugated capsular polysaccahride vaccines?

A

Children

23
Q

Describe the advantages of living vaccines?

A

Broader, more natural immune response

Local immunity (sometimes)

Ease of administration (sometimes - not in remote areas - need cold chain to keep bug alive)

24
Q

Describe the disadvantages of living vaccines?

A

Disease: back mutation (empirically attenuated can become virulent again), spread (to someone that is not immunised), contamination (another agent may enter, but cannot sterilise)

Failure: dead (need cold chain), pre-existing immunity (passive - from Mum), interference (might prevent immune response if infected with another organism)

25
Q

Describe the advantages of killed vaccines?

A

Stable

Contamination unlikely

Can’t spread

Safe for immune deficient

26
Q

Describe the disadvantages of killed vaccines?

A

Weaker immune response

Higher dose

Need adjuvants - more likely to cause some side effects

Expensive

27
Q

Why are vaccinations given at specific times on vaccination schedules?

A

FIND ANSWER

Hep B at birth - can be exposed at birth

Measles - passive immunity from Mum, so wait until 1 year

Locomotor (28 decks)

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