Infections in travellers Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the trend in short term visitor arrivals to Australia?

A

Increasing number of arrivals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the trend in the number of international travellers?

A

Increasing number of international travellers

Large volumes of movement around the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which infectious diseases have been eradicated?

A

Only smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are travel related illnesses always infectious?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the incubation period for a travel-related illness?

A

Vary widely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How far must a person travel for their illness to be described as travel-related?

A

Can be within own country, but to different conditions (eg. tropics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the commonest cause of fatal community-acquired pneumonia in the NT?

A

Melioidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following additional immunisations should a medical student going on an elective to a remote indigenous community in Northern/Central Australia receive?

a) Hep A
b) Japanese encephalitis
c) Hep B
d) MMR

A

Hep A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Approximately what proportion of travellers to developing countries develop a health problem abroad?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Approximately how many cases of travel-associated malaria occur each year?

A

30,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the estimated incidence of traveller’s diarrhoea during travel in a developing country?

A

20-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which bacteria associated with travel-related illness have the potential for lifetime persistence?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Treponema pallidum

Rickettsia prowazeki

Salmonella typhi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which helmiths associated with travel-related illness have the potential for lifetime persistence?

A

Enchinococcus granulosus

Strongyloides stercoralis

Taenia solium

Schistosoma species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which protozoa associated with travel-related illness have the potenital for lifetime persistence?

A

Plasmodium malariae

Toxoplasma gondii

Trypanosoma cruzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which viruses associated with travel-related illness have the potential for lifetime persistence?

A

Hep B, C, D

Herpes

HIV-1 and HIV-2

HTLV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which fungi associated with travel-related illness have the potential for lifetime persistence?

A

Coccidioides immitis

Histoplasma capsulatum

17
Q

What are the most common diagnoses in returned travellers with fever?

A

Malaria

Gastroenteritis/diarrhoea/parasites

Respiratory tract infections

18
Q

Describe the relationship between diseases in a febrile returned traveller and their travel destination?

A

Pneumonia: Asia

Dengue fever: Asia

Malaria: Asia, Pacific, Africa

Hep A: Asia, Pacific

Typhoid fever: Asia

19
Q

Describe the modes of disease transmission and their relative proportions for travel-related illnesses?

What are the consequences of this for travellers?

A

Most are vector, respiratory and food and water borne

So, much of the advice for travellers relates to safe behaviour (eg. bed netting, safe eating, etc.)

20
Q

Describe the rate of respiratory infections in travellers?

A

7-29%

Second most frequent cause of illness in travellers

Second most frequent cause of fever in returned travellers

21
Q

What is the commonest vaccine-preventable disease of travel?

22
Q

In which regions of the world are GIT infections most common?

A

South East Asia

Africa and South America

23
Q

Describe the distribution across sexes for malaria and Dengue fever?

A

Males get more malaria than females

Not the same sex difference for Dengue fever

24
Q

In which group of travellers is malaria most common?

Why?

A

Those travelling to visit friends and relatives (35%)

Closer contact with locals for longer periods of time
Low standard accommodation

Very disproportionate, as this only represents 5% of travellers

25
Describe the relationship between the mortality for malaria and the number of cases seen in that region?
Inverse correlation Relates to familiarity in treating malaria
26
Describe the time intervals in fatal cases of imported malaria?
Arrival - symptom onset: 5 days Symptom onset - diagnosis/treatment: 5 days Diangosis/treatment - death: 2 days (mean time to death after symptom onset is 5 days)
27
In which region are travellers most at risk of contracting P.vivax?
PNG and Oceania
28
Describe the most common causes of mortality in travellers?
CVD Injury Medical Cancer Infectious disease only 1%
29
How early should pre-travel healthcare begin?
Preferably \>6 weeks
30
Which travellers should be identified as high risk travellers?
Those with chronic illness (esp. immunocompromised) Pregnant Long term, remote, high risk location Extremes of age Visiting friends and relatives
31
Describe the key issues for traveller education?
Injury (esp road and water) Diarrhoea prevention and management Insect bites Blood-borne, sexually-transmitted infections Drugs (unsafe/counterfeit) Rabies - mammal bites Schistosomiasis (fresh water contact)