Foot Flashcards
Describe the extensor retinaculum?
Superior band: thickening of deep fascia attached to anterior borders of tibia and fibula
Inferior band: Y shaped, extending from medial malleolus and medial medial side of plantar aponeurosis to superolateral calcaneus
THANDT
Describe the lateral retinaculum?
Superior band: from lateral malleolus to calcaneus
Inferior band: from lateral calcaneus to blend with inferior extensor retianculum
Describe the flexor retinaculum?
Medial malleolus to medial calcaneus
Creates a tarsal tunnel
TDAVNH
Describe the arches of the foot?
2 longitudinal arches (medial and lateral)
Single transverse arch
What are they ligaments in the arches of the foot?
Spring and plantar ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis
Long tendons attaching to either side of foot (particularly fibularis longus)
Describe the dorsum of the foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hoods
Deep fibular nerve
Dorsalis pedis artery
Describe the EDB as it passes over the dorsum of the foot?
Joins EDL tendons
Describe the extensor hoods on the dorsum of the foot?
Triangular
Apex of hood inserts into base of distal phalanx
Centre of each hood inserts into sides of middle phalanx
Base wraps around metatarsalphalangeal joint
Describe the deep fibular nerve as it passes acrosses the dorsum of the foot?
Passes beneath extensor retinaculum and onto dorsum
Heads to first web space
Describe the dorsalis pedis artery at is passes across the dorsum of the foot?
Continuation of anterior tibial artery
Gives off arcuate artery
Heads laterally across dorsum
Gives off a series of metatarsal and digital arteries
Continues to first web space and gives off deep plantar artery
Describe the layers of the sole of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
Short
Long
Short
Short
How are the layers of the foot separated from each other?
Vertical septae
Horizontal septae from each of these
Describe the plantar aponeurosis?
Thickening in deep fascia
From medial process of calcaneal tuberosity > expands and divides into five slips over sole > inserts into bones, ligaments and skin of toes
Describe ‘layer 1: short’ of the sole of the foot?
SHORT/INTRINSIC MUSCLES
Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor hallicus
Flexor digitorum brevis
Extend for whole length of sole
Describe ‘layer 2: long’ on the sole of the foot?
Tendons from tarsal tunnel, FL and …..
Need to cross to reach targets
Flexor accessorius/Quadratus plantae
Describe the insertions of the muscles in layer 1: short?
Abductors each insert into base of proximal phalanx
FDB overlies FDL tendon and splits to insert into base of middle phalanx
Describe the quadratus plantae/flexor accessorius?
Associated with long flexor
Arises by two heads from calcaneus
Inserts into lateral border of FDL (where it is breaking down into four tendons)
Optimises line of pull for FDL
Describe ‘layer 3: short’ on the sole of the foot?
Flexor hallicus brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallicus
Do not extend for whole sole
Proximal attchment closer to head of metatarsals
Describe ‘layer 4: short’ on the sole of the foot?
Interossei between bones: three plantar (adducting) and three dorsal (abducting)
Describe the neurovascular structures on the sole of the foot?
POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY
> medial and lateral plantar arteries
Medial continues down middle border
Lateral swings wide and creates deep plantar arch
Metatarsal and digital arteries from arch
TIBIAL NERVE
Behind medial malleolus > lateral plantar and medial plantar
Lateral plantar supplies lateral 1.5 toes and nearly all intrinsic muscles
Medial plantar supplies medial 3.5 toes
