Opium

Question 1

What is opium derived from?

Answer 1

SAP derived from the poppy

Question 2

What is the difference between analgesic and Narcotic?

Answer 2

Pain relieving vs opium based (anaesthetic)

Question 3

An example of endogenous (occurring within)

Answer 3

Endorphin

how your body does natural pain relief

Question 4

An example Alkaloids (directly extracted from plant)

Answer 4

Morphine, codeine

as is straight out of plant

Question 5

An example of a semisynthetic?

derivative

Answer 5

Oxycodone and Heroin

Question 6

What is an example of a synthetic? (structurally different)

Answer 6

Methadone

fentanyl

Question 7

What is an example of something that exibits euphoria?

something that is an anxiolytic

and something thats effects are used as a medicine?

Answer 7

Stimulant

depressant

anti-psychotic

Question 8

Intake of opium (Heroin, Morphine)

Answer 8

Oral: mood alleviation, cough suppression

Inhalation: euphoria

Intravenous: euphoria, pain relief
(decrease body temp, pupil constriction)

Question 9

What is stage one of injection?

Answer 9

0-2 min Rush or flash: intense euphoria

tingling/warmth in lower abdomen resembling sexual orgasm

Question 10

What is stage 2 of injection?

Answer 10

2-3 hr on the node : tranquil drowsiness

reduction in sexual interest as a result of lowering testosterone levels

Question 11

What is stage 4 of injection?

Answer 11

4+ hr withdrawl

Question 12

Schedule 1
Schedule 2
Schedule 5

example for each

Answer 12

1 = heroin

2= morphine, methadone, fentanyl

5= codeine, oxycodone

Question 13

What is demerol?

Answer 13

Anaesthetic, “lollipop” used in palliative care

Question 14

What is Duragesic?

Answer 14

used from chronic pain (analgesia)

Question 15

How much more potent is fentanyl than morphine?

Answer 15

100x

Question 16

What is the intake for fentanyl?

Answer 16

Oral, transdermal, insufflation

Question 17

what is a endogenous neuropeptides?

Answer 17

an enzyme that looks a lot like the opium class of drug

Question 18

Cleavage in endogenous neuropeptides does what?

Answer 18

Separates the molecule into separate chains

Question 19

during cleavage of endogenous neuropeptides what is the internal enzymatic action doing?

Answer 19

enzyme CYP2D6 converts codeine to morphine

Question 20

during cleavage of endogenous neuropeptides what is the active metabolite?

Answer 20

morphine 6 glucuronide

Question 21

what is the secondary effect of the endogenous neuropeptide?

what is it acting on

Answer 21

G-protein metabotropic receptor

returns neurons to resting potential sooner by allowing K+ in influx inwards

Question 22

What is a pure agonism?

what is the function and an example?

Answer 22

pain relief

fentanyl, morphine

Question 23

What is partial agonism?

example and function

Answer 23

pain relief with no respiratory effect

Buprenorphine

Question 24

What is mixed agonism?

example and function

Answer 24

treating opioid addiction

naloxone

methadone

Question 25

What is the opium agonistic mechanism?

Answer 25

GABA receptor antagonist (ventral tegmental area)- suppression of the inhibitory response on dopamine receptors Nucleus accumbus -activation of M opioid receptor that inhibits the GABA neurons (allows dopamine to be released in VTA, and "enhancement" of the dopaminergic response

Question 26

What is the opium inhibitory mechanism?

Answer 26

Nociception: sonsory pathways related to pain perception

Question 27

What do the A & C fibers do?

Answer 27

Sensory pain signal from receptor to spinal cord | - inhibition of NT's

Question 28

What does Glutamate and substance P do?

Answer 28

sensory pain signal from spinal chord to Thalamus activation of medulla inhibits NT's to thalamus (dulling of blunting of pain)

Question 29

What is the opium tolerance?

Answer 29

Dose dependent accured and relational -allostatic prinicpals - selective to analgesia, euphoria, and respiratory depression

Question 30

What are the characteristics of opium withdrawal?

Answer 30

Lasts 5-10 days craving (4/6hr) intensifies at 36-72 hrs 8-12hr:flu like symptoms 48-72hr: pupil dilation, anorexia, piloerection (cold turkey) spastic arm/;eg movement 90% relapse after withdrawal associated with environment

Question 31

What is the long term(180days) and short term(30 days) detoxification process for opium?

Answer 31

methadone or Buprenorphine: agonist or partial agonist prevents withdrawal, long lasting effectsweak/no euphoria

Question 32

What is the rapid detoxification (10 days) and ultra rapid (2 days) for opium?

Answer 32

Naloxone: inverse agonist - binds as an agonist and induces opposite pharmacological response increases withdrawal symptoms, decreases duration ultra rapid in conjunction with sedation/anethetized for first few hours