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Psych 345A > Hallusination > Flashcards

Hallusination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the positive connotations?

A

Psychedelic mild expanding, making the mind manifest

entheogenic generating the divine within

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2
Q

Negative connotations?

A

Psychotomimetic: having the appearance of psychosis

psychodysleptic/psycholytic: mind disrupting/mind dissolving

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3
Q

Operatinonalization

A

A chemical that induces perception of something that does not exist in the environment

most induce issusionigenic not hallucination

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4
Q

Categorical distinction based on what?

A

Psychological effects

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5
Q

What are 3 psychological effects?

A

Psychedelics:
reducing valve subjective feelings that the brain’s filter is being disabled by the drug

Dissociatives
-physical numbing analgesia, amnesia, anesthesia
-psychological detachment
-derealization: perception of dream-like state or unreal
-depersonalization: detached or removed from the body (out of body)
(date rape)

Deliriants:

  • confusion, inability to control behaviour, sometimes rage
  • quantitative or qualitative defference ?
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6
Q

Categorical distinction based on what?

A

structural similarity to NT’s

  • serotonin (LSD, DMT)
  • Norepinephrine (ecstasy mescaline)
  • Acetylcholine (Scopolamine)
  • no similarity ( PCP, Ketamine, Salvia)

Schedule 3

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7
Q

Sensory distortions

A

Visual
-colour, contrast, size changes

Auditory
-amplified, but not always clearer

Smell, taste, touch
-synesthesia: crossing of sensory modality

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8
Q

The first 2 stages in the process

A

1) visual images
first seen with eyes closed than projected on surfaces when eyes opened
2) meaningful images of people/animals/places
-images can change rapidly; in first stages changes will have a conceptual pattern

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9
Q

LSD

A

Alkaloid

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10
Q

Ergoline (fungus)

A

Toxic

-reduce bleeding/increase contractions

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11
Q

Synthesided LSD-25

A 
Indole (nucleus)
similar to serotonin
street name: acid
volatile (reactive with o2)
-extremely water soluble
-oxidation
-photosensitivity
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12
Q

LSD potency

A

Highly potent

1 dose 50-150 micrograms

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13
Q

LSD sympathomimetic symptoms

A

Increase blood pressure, temp

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14
Q

LSD Process

Onset

A

30 mins; no physiological effecrs, but sensation of relaxing or “release of tension)
-sympathomimetic response

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15
Q

LSD plateau

A

30 min- 2h Four different effects

1) images with eyes closed
2) synaesthesia
3) perception of multilevel reality
4) distorted (exaggerated/strange) visual input
- visual cortex/ locus coerules

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16
Q

LSD peak

A

3-5h

1) emotion/panic swings
2) feeling of timelessness
3) disembodiment or ego-disintegration
- prefrontal cortex

17
Q

LSD effects

Agonism

A
  • visual cortex (5-HT 1A 5-HT A2)
  • decrease activity in occipital lobe
  • disruption in model object completion
18
Q 
LSD Effects
metabotropic receptors (locus coeruleus)
A

-Serotonin (5_ht 2A)
-inhibit other serotonin receptors, excite 2A receptor on Glutamate and GABA
1)increase sensory signals (threshold)
2) decrease “spontaneous signals (noise)
-refinement and salience of signals
-increase glutamate release in cerebral cortex
-explains why perception is altered (illusions)
interaction between dopamine and serotonin explains psychotic actions (i.e. when things get scary)

19
Q

LSD abuse potential

Tolerance

A

Acute (tachyphylaxis)

  • 3 days - 1 week to subside
  • potentially dangerous as it facilitates taking more
  • toxicity emotional/perceptual effects
20
Q

LSD abuse

Cross tolerance

A

Tryptamine family (shrooms, DMT)

21
Q

LSD abuse

Dependence

A

No physical dependence (no withdrawal)
potential psychological dependence
-not an easy high
-8 hour trips :physically/psychologically exhausting
-alternating between pleasant and terrifying (not as rewarding, unpredictable)
-trip controls the user

22
Q

LSD toxicity

Physiological effects

A

Myadrasis

-chronic pupil dilation

23
Q

LSD toxicity

psychological effects

A

Serotonin syndrome

  • the accumulation of excess serotonin in the CNS
  • symptoms:
    1) cognitive: Hypomania, confusion, hallucinations
    2) autonomic: sweating, hyperthermia, vasconstriction, tachycardia
    3) somatic: tremor, myoclonus (twitchiness)
24
Q

LSD toxicity

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) or flashback

A

re-experencing symptoms from the trip when sober

  • chronic (mostly visual) or episodic (all sensory modality)
  • before going to sleep in darkness, driving (stress)

Psych 345A (15 decks)

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