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Medicine > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Best drops for dilation (ophthalmoscopy)

A

Tropicamide 1%

short-acting

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2
Q

What should pts be warned about re: pupil dilatation?

A

Avoid driving - vision may be blurry

Seek urgent help if any pain/ see haloes - acute angle closure glaucoma

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3
Q

How do you test red reflex?

A

About 50 cm away (reflection from retina)

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4
Q

Why might red reflex be absent?

A

Opacity between cornea and retina, usually cataracts

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5
Q

What is green light on ophthalmoscope used for?

A

Enhances blood vessels and microaneurysms

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6
Q

What are the red flags for red eye?

A

Pain

Visual loss

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7
Q

Which eyedrops for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol

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8
Q

How to identify scleritis and episcleritis?

A

Redness more localised

(Scleritis more painful - wakes pt from sleep) needs opthalmological input

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9
Q

How is corneal abrasion seen?

A

fluorescein

OPTHALMOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

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10
Q

What does eye look like in acute angle glaucoma?

A

Inflamed and tender.
Cornea hazy
Pupil is semi-dilated and fixed

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11
Q

Urgent mx acute angle glaucoma if unable to get to hospital

A

IV acetazolamide
Pilocarpine 4% to constrict pupil

(Once pressure is brought down, iridotomy or iridectomy performed to restore normal aqueous flow)

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12
Q

Iridotomy vs iridectomy

A

with laser vs surgically

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13
Q

What should be excluded if bacterial conjunctivitis doesnt improve?

A

Chlamydia (Reite’s)

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14
Q

Which eye pathologies are more common in those with severe myopia?

A

Retinal detachment
Macular degeneration
Primary open angle glaucoma

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15
Q

Which eye pathologies are more common in those with severe hypermetropia?

A

Closed angle glaucoma

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16
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Cornea has uneven curvature (like rugby ball)

Can be caused by pathology (eg cyst) distorting eye

17
Q

What is a chalzion?

A

Meibomian cyst: granuloma of the lipid-secreting meibomian glands that lie in the lid

Warm compresses and chloramphenicol
Or if big, incision

18
Q

Most common eyelid bump

A

Chalzion

19
Q

How is a stye different to chalzion?

A

Infection of lash follicle - may have a head of pus at last margin

Red, tender swelling

20
Q

Blistering around eye

A

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

21
Q

Important cause of proptosis not to miss

A 
Orbital cellulitis (infection from adjacent paranasal sinuses)
(esp children - can cause visual loss in hours)
22
Q

Mx enoptropion

A

Temporary: tape down eye + chloramphenicol

Then surgery

Common cause of blindness from corneal abrasion

23
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Eyelid everts, problem with tears draining

24
Q

What is Schirmer’s test?

A

Paper to measure tear production

25
Q

Signs of a blowout fracture

A 
Swollen eye
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Restricted vertical movements
Loss of sensation
Ipsilateral nose bleed
26
Q

Most common cause of acute onset of floaters

A

Vitreous detachmment

27
Q

Why does vitreous detachment need urgent referral?

A

floaters suggests traction on retina - could detach/ tear

28
Q

Causes of acute floaters

A

Vitreous hemorrhage
Vitreous detachmment
Retinal detachment

29
Q

How does non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy present on fundoscopy?

A

microaneurysms
dot haemorrhages
hard yellow exudates

30
Q

How does proliferative diabetic retinopathy present on fundoscopy?

A

New vessels

needs urgent referral for treatment

31
Q

What are the types of glaucoma?

A

Primary open angle: gradual

Primary closed angle: acute

32
Q

Classic appearance of glaucoma on fundoscopy

A

Cupping

33
Q

differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis

A

Apply phenylephrine drops to differentiate between episcleritis and
scleritis (vessels blanch with episcleritis).

34
Q

what does fundoscopy show for retinal artery occlusion

A

pale retina w/ cherry spot

35
Q

what to prescribe for closed angle

A 
Prostaglandin analogues (latanoprost), B2 antagonists (timolol), alpha
agonists (brimonidine)
36
Q

conjunctivitis rx

A

Leave

or chloramphenicol

37
Q

urgent gp rx closed angle

A

Consider pilocarpine 4% drops every 5 mins and acetazolamide

38
Q

stages of hypertensive retinopathy

A

silver wiring
AV nipping
haemorrhages/ exudates
papilloedema

39
Q

stages of diabetic retinopathy

A

background (blot and dot haemorrhages)
pre-prolferative (cotton wool spots)
neovascularisation

Medicine (30 decks)

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