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Medicine > F1 - neuro > Flashcards

F1 - neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conventional synthesis of the neuro exam findings?

A

Anatomical
Syndromal
Aetiological

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2
Q

Abnormality of spinal nerve

A

myelopathy

myelitis = inflamm

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3
Q

Abnormality of nerve root

A

radiculopathy

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4
Q

abnormality of nerve plexus

A

plexopathy

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5
Q

Dysphonia vs dysarthria

A

voice production

voice articulation

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6
Q

How can lmn lesion cause dysarthria?

A

VII: difficulty with b p m w (avoided by ventriloquists!)

X: palatal (sounds like bad cold)

XII: tongue (esp t s d)

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7
Q

Ideational apraxia vs ideomotor apraxia

A

unable to initiate despite understanding (bilat parietal)

can perform but makes errors (dominant parietal, or premotor cortex)

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8
Q

Causes of loss in short-term memory, despite alertness

A

Bilateral limbic system, seen in diffuse encephalopathies, bilateral temporal lesions, Korsakoff’s

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9
Q

Why may pt be unable to walk on heels/ toes?

A

foot drop / weakness of gastrocnemius

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10
Q

Causes of Romberg’s positive

A

Loss of joint position sense

due to posterior column lesion:
Common: cord compression (cervical spondylosis, tumour)
Rarer: tabes dorsalis, B12 deficiency, degenerative spinal cord disease

due to peripheral neuropathy

NB NOT positive in cerebellar disease, where pt may rock forwards and backwards with eyes closed - may also be unsteady when eyes open

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11
Q

Abnormalities of which CN suggest cerebellopontine lesion?

A

unilateral V, VII, VIII

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12
Q

Abnormalities of which CN suggest carvernous sinus lesion?

A

unilat III, IV, V, VI

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13
Q

Abnormalities of which CN suggest jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Unilat combined IX, X, XI

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14
Q

Causes of brainstem lesions

A

Common: ms, vascular
Rare: gliomas, lymphomas, brainstem encephalitis

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15
Q

Which nerves are responsible for pupillary light reaction?

A

Afferent: optic nerve
Efferent: PS component of third nerve

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16
Q

Which nerves are responsible for accommodation reaction?

A

Afferent: arises in frontal lobes
Efferent: PS component of third nerve

17
Q

Where is the lesion in monocular field defects?

A

Anterior to chiasm

18
Q

Where is the lesion in bitemporal field defects?

A

At the optic chiasm

19
Q

Where is the lesion in homonymous field defects?

A

Behind the optic chiasm

20
Q

Where is the lesion in congruous homonymous field defects?

A

Behind the lateral geniculate bodies

21
Q

Causes of ptosis

A

Common: Horner’s, third nerve palsy, age-related (weak levator muscles)
Rare: mg, myopathy

22
Q

Causes of small pupil

A 
Senile miosis (reacts to light)
Horner's (reacts to light)
Argyll-Robertson (doesn't react to light, normal accommodation)
miotic drugs (doesn't react to light, no accommodation)
23
Q

Causes of large pupil

A 
Anisocoria (reacts to light)
Afferent pupillary defect (doesn't react to light, normal accommodation)
Holmes-Adie (doesn't react to light, accommodates slowly)
Third nerve palsy (doesn't react to light, no accommodation + ptosis)
mydriatic drugs (doesn't react to light, no accommodation)
24
Q

Which pupil has the RAPD?

A

Dilates when light shone into it

25
Q

Causes of afferent pupillary defect and RAPD

A

Common: optic neuritis

Less common: compression of optic nerve, retinal degeneration

26
Q

Causes of Argyll-Robertson pupil

A

Syphilis, diabetes, ms

27
Q

How to test for macula sparing?

must be tested in homonymous hemianopia

A

Bring red pin horizontally from side

If it isn’t seen until midline: no macula sparing

28
Q

Types of haemorrhage seen on fundoscopy and cause

A

Dot and blot: diabetic
Flame: hypertensive
Subhyaloid: subarachnoid

29
Q

Causes of white or yellow lesions on fundoscopy

A

Hard exudates: dm, hypertension

Cotton wool spots: dm, sle, aids

30
Q

Causes of black lesions on fundoscopy

A

moles, melanoma, laser burns, retinitis pigmentosa

31
Q

Where is the site of control of the following eye movements:

saccidic
pursuit
vestibular-positional
convergence

A

frontal (control)
occipital lobe
cerebellar vestibular nuclei
mid-brain

32
Q

Which nerves are responsible for which ocular muscles?

A

SO4
LR6
III - others

33
Q

Double vision is due to which structures?

A

nerve
neuromuscular jct
muscle

(not internuclear or supranuclear, usually)

Medicine (30 decks)

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