Ophthalmology Flashcards
features of optic neuritis?
unilateral dec in visual acuity over hours or days
poor colour discrimination - red desat
pain worse on eye movt
relative afferent pupillary defect
central scotoma
contact lens wearer presents with red painful eye?
could be microbial keratitis -> same day ophth referral
sudden onset visual loss, red hue in vision and floaters or shadows in vision?
vitreous haemorrhage
features of dry ARMD?
characterised by drusen - yellow round spots in Bruch’s membrane
gradual reduction in visual acuity
difficulties in dark adaptation
features of wet ARMD?
same as dry but subacute reduction in visual acuity
testing for ARMD?
amsler grid testing
fundoscopy - drusen
slit lamp microscopy
features of central retinal artery occlusion?
visual loss
RAPD
‘red spot’ on pale retina
features of anterior uveitis?
acute onset
ocular discomfort and pain
pupil small/irregular
photophobia
blurred vision
red eye
lacrimation
ciliary flush
hypopyon
mgt of anterior uveitis?
urgent ophth review
steroid eye drops
cycloplegics eg atropine, cyclopentolate
conditions associated with anterior uveitis?
ankylosing spondylitis
reactive arthritis
UC/crohns
behcet’s disease
sarcoidosis
complication of panretinal photocoagulation (for diabetic retinopathy)?
decrease in night vision
management for stye?
hot compresses
analgesia
grade 1 HTN retinopathy?
arteriolar narrowing and tortuosity
grade 2 HTN retinopathy?
arteriovenous nipping
grade 3 HTN retinopathy?
cotton wool exudates
flame and blot haemorrhages
grade 4 HTN retinopathy?
papilloedema
features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
retinal neovascularisation - may lead to vitreous haemorrhage
fibrous tissue forming anterior to retinal disc
more common in T1DM
features of horners syndrome?
miosis (small pupil)
ptosis
enophthalmos (sunken eye)
anhidrosis
features of blepharitis?
bilateral sx
grittiness and discomfort
sticky eyes in morning
mgt for blepharitis?
hot compresses
lid hygiene
features of acute angle-closure glaucoma?
severe pain
dec visual acuity
hard red eye
haloes around lights
semi dilated non reacting pupil
corneal oedema
systemic upset
inc IOP
management of acute angle closure glaucoma
initial: pilocarpine, BB, alpha 2 agonist
IV acetazolamide
definitive: laser peripheral iridotomy
new onset floaters?
urgent ref to ophth ?retinal detachment
first line diagnostic ix for MS?
MRI brain
then LP
features of cataracts?
reduced vision
faded colour vision
glare
halos around lights
what characterises wet mac degen?
choroidal neovascularisation
features of open angle glaucoma?
peripheral visual field loss
dec visual acuity
optic disc cupping
side effect of prostaglandin analogues?
prostaglandins make your eyes pretty and pigmented
-> inc eyelash length
-> iris pigmentation
-> periocular pigmentation
features of orbital cellulitis?
Redness and swelling around the eye
Severe ocular pain
Visual disturbance
Proptosis
Ophthalmoplegia/pain with eye movements
Eyelid oedema and ptosis
Drowsiness +/- Nausea/vomiting in meningeal involvement (Rare)
mgt of orbital cellulitis?
admission for IV abx
key ix for diagnosis of acute angle closure glaucoma?
- tonometry
- gonioscopy
periorbital vs orbital cellulitis?
periorbital - no visual impairment, diplopia or painful movements
risk factors for retinal detachment?
DM
myopia (near sightedness)
age
prev surgery for cataracts
eye trauma
recommended imaging for optic neuritis?
MRI brain and orbits with contrast
