ophthalmology Flashcards
1
Q
The anatomical structures that carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain
A
optic nerve
2
Q
Palpebrae is the scientific term for what ophthalmic structure?
A
eyelid
3
Q
The true perception of sight occurs where in the body?
A
brain
4
Q
what do the tarsal (meibomian) glands secrete
A
oily substance
5
Q
The tarsal glands are located in what ophthalmic structure?
A
conjunctiva
6
Q
The physiological function of the tarsal gland
A
secrete oily substance to keep tears from flowing onto the face
7
Q
The lining of the eyelids
A
conjunctiva
8
Q
The scientific term for the 3rd eyelid
A
nictitating membrane
9
Q
The medical term for inflammation of the conjunctiva
A
conjunctivitis
10
Q
where is the visible portion of the 3rd eyelid located
A
medial canthus
11
Q
The name of structure that produces tears
A
lacrimal gland
12
Q
The physiological function of the ocular tears
A
to lubricate the eye
13
Q
The name of the anatomical structure that carries tears from the lacrimal glands to the eyes
A
Lacrimal duct
14
Q
The ophthalmic structure that is white in color and provides a strong protective cover for the eye
A
sclera
15
Q
The structure that covers the front of the eye and is transparent
A
cornea
16
Q
Lesion or trauma to the cornea will result in inflammation. The term for this condition is
A
keratitis
17
Q
The iris is part of which ophthalmic structure?
A
uvea
18
Q
The colored portion of the eye
A
iris
19
Q
The color of iris in true albino animal is
A
pink
20
Q
In domestic dogs, the most common color of the iris is
A
brown
21
Q
The physiological function of the pupil
A
to let light in
22
Q
The normal color of the pupil in most domestic animals
A
black
23
Q
The ophthalmic structure that is responsible for many animal’s eyes to appear like they “shine in the dark”
A
tapetum lucidum
24
Q
The normal shape of the domestic cat’s pupil
A
vertical slit
25
An opacity or cloudiness of the optic lens
cataract
26
The transparent gelatinous mass that fills the posterior compartment behind the optic lens
vitreous humor
27
The areas in front of the optic lens are normally filled with a substance called
aqueous humor
28
Physiologically, glaucoma results from
flow of aqueous humor is disrupted
29
Glaucoma
abnormal increase in Intraocular Pressure
30
lines inner surface of the eyelids
conjunctiva
31
nictitating membrane
3rd eyelid
32
transparent covering of the eyeball
cornea
33
carries nervous impulses from the eye to the brain
optic nerve
34
structure of the eyeball that controls light entering the eye
pupil
35
white protective covering of the eye
sclera
36
structure that reflects light from the back to the front of the eye
tapetum lucidum
37
“colored” portion of the eyeball
iris
38
fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
aqueous humor
39
secretes oily substance that helps prevent tears from spilling onto the face
tarsal gland
40
turning in of the eyelid margins toward
the cornea
entropian
41
When an animal has entropion, what structure of the eye is affected?
eyelid
42
When an animal has an entropion, what clinical symptoms may be present?
a. Keratitis
b. corneal ulceration
c. epiphora
d. blepharospasm
43
What structure of the eye may be damaged if entropion is severe?
cornea
44
turning out of the eyelid
ectropion
45
Ectropion normally involves what ophthalmic structure?
lower eyelid
46
Ectropion is considered normal in what canine breeds?
a. Bassett
b. St. Bernard
c. Bloodhound
d. Cocker Spaniel
47
Distichiasis is an abnormality of which ophthalmic structure?
eyelashes
48
What structure of the eye may be damaged if the condition of distichiasis is present?
cornea
49
What are the common symptoms in the ophthalmic disorder distichiasis?
a. blepharospasm
b. keratitis
c. conjunctivitis
d. corneal ulceration
e. epiphora
50
The technical phrase for dry eye
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
51
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca will cause serious damage to what ophthalmic structure?
cornea
52
The ophthalmic structure that is responsible for the normal drainage of tears from the eye
lacrimal ducts
53
The condition, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, results from
inadequate tear production
54
The common terms for the prolapse of the gland of the nictitans
cherry eye
55
The ophthalmic disease pannus is most commonly encountered in what canine breed?
German shepherds
56
The ophthalmic disease pannus affects what eye structure?
cornea
57
Untreated glaucoma will ultimately result in what irreversible condition?
blindness
58
Physiologically, what is occurring when the condition glaucoma is present?
Flow of Aqueous humor is disrupted resulting in too much pressure
59
The most common symptom observed clinically in animals with glaucoma
buphthalmos
60
Buphthalmos
enlargement of the globe
61
Untreated glaucoma will damage what ophthalmic structures?
retina and optic nerve; also causing blindness
62
A cataract is abnormality of what optic structure?
ocular lens
63
The physiological function of optic lens in the sense of sight
focus (refract) light
64
lenticular sclerosis? When is this condition encountered in clinical practice?
Mild decrease in lens transparency caused by compression of lens fibers; occurs in dogs 6yrs and older
65
T/F Most dogs 6 years of age or older that have a bluish-gray haze of the pupil are suffering from cataracts and have impaired vision.
False
66
Rapidly progressive cataracts commonly occur with what diseases?
Diabetes Mellitus
nutritional deficiencies
trauma
67
A visually impaired dog is brought into the clinic where you are working. The animal and owner are shown into an exam room. What clinical signs would you expect the animal to display as it enters the exam room?
a. walks with head down
b.“hugs” the wall
c. hesitant to move about the room
68
To perform a gross ocular examination, the best position the examiner can assume in relation to the animal, to observe ocular position abnormalities and the size of the globe, is:
from above the head looking down
69
Abnormal recession of the eye into the orbit
enophthalmos
70
Siamese cats commonly display what eye position deviations?
esotropia (one eye is deviated inward)
71
Abnormal protrusion of the eye from the orbit
exophthalmos
72
Exophthalmos is a common breed disposition in
Boston terriers and pugs
73
The test used to determine nerve and extraocular muscle function of the eyes
Tonic Eye Reflex Test
74
Describe how the Tonic Eye Reflex test is performed. What would indicate the presence of abnormalities?
a. turn patient’s head to the right to the left and then upward and downward observing what happens to the position of the eye in the socket
b. as the head is moved the eyes should start to head in the direction the head is being moved but then come back to normal position
c. if eyes do not move in sync together or do not go back into normal positon the test result is abnormal
75
Describe the characteristics of a serous ocular discharge
Watery, thin, no color
76
Describe the characteristic of a purulent ocular discharge
Thick yellow in color
77
T/F A small amount of ocular discharge at the medial canthus of the eye in the morning when the animal awakens is normal.
true
78
The ophthalmic procedure that is part of the vision test that determines if the pupils are functioning properly
Pupillary Light Reflex Test
79
The instrument that is used to perform the PLR test
transilluminator/pen light
80
Describe how to perform the Direct Pupillary Light Reflex Test
Shine the pen light into the right or left eye and the pupil of that eye should constrict
81
Describe how to perform the Indirect Pupillary Light Reflex test
Shine the pen light into the right eye and the pupil of the left eye should also constrict
82
When performing the Indirect Pupillary Light Reflex Test, what observation would indicate an abnormality?
Fixed dilated or fixed constricted pupils
83
The administration of atropine sulfate, either systematically or topically (into the eye) will result in
Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
84
What could result in fixed dilation of the pupils?
Extreme fear
severe shock
death
administration of a mydriatic drug
anesthesia
85
The term meaning constriction of the pupil
Miotic
86
Tear production is evaluated by using what diagnostic test?
Schirmer Tear Test (STT)
87
The Schirmer Tear Test would be used when which ophthalmic disorder is suspected?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (“dry eye”)
88
What is a normal test result when performing the Schirmer Tear Test in the canine?
>15mm/min
89
When performing a STT on an animal, what should not be done that could result in inaccurate results? Indicate how each would alter results?
a. apply topical anesthetics - would decrease tear production
b. test under anesthesia - tear production is decreased
c. give eye meds prior to testing - could increase tear production
90
two ophthalmic diagnostic procedures for Fluorescein
a. detect corneal lesions
b. determine patency of lacrimal duct
91
Explain how fluorescein works
water soluble dye that will not stain normal corneal tissue, cannot penetrate the lipid soluble epithelial layer
92
Fluorescein is used to detect
corneal lesions
93
Fluorescein dye has been placed in an animal’s eye suspected of having a corneal abrasion. If an abrasion is present, the abrasion will appear what color?
bright green
94
When fluorescein is used to determine the patency of the nasolacrimal system, the dye is applied into what structure? If the tear ducts are patent, the dye will be observed exiting what structure?
eyes; nares
95
What is a common local anesthetic that is used in ophthalmic procedures?
proparacaine
96
Tonometry is an ophthalmic test used to determine
Intraocular pressure
97
Tonometry is used to diagnose what ophthalmic disorders?
glaucoma
98
The Tono-Pen measures IOP by measuring what?
Indentation of the cornea
99
What result would indicate the presence of increased IOP when using the Tono-pen?
Decreased indentation of the cornea or a result of >25mm/hg
100
What drug should be administered to the eyes before Tonometry is performed? Why?
Proparacaine, local anesthetic to reduce pain/feeling during procedure
101
How many readings for each eye should be taken when performing tonometry?
3-4
