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vtt 111 - small animal > electrocardiogram > Flashcards

electrocardiogram Flashcards

1
Q

path taken by cardiac impulse

A

S-A node
A-V node
bundle of HIS
bundle branches
Purkinje network

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2
Q

What is an ECG?

A

a cardiac diagnostic tool that records electrical impulses generated by the specialized conduction system of the heart that cause coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle

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3
Q

List five indications for Electrocardiography

A

a. Arrhythmia
b. History of syncope or episodic weakness
c. Cardiac chamber enlargement
d. Pericardialeffusion
e. Pericardiocentesis
f. Monitoring drug therapy
g. Monitoring during anesthesia

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4
Q

What does the electrocardiogram record specifically?

A

a graphic record of electrical activity generated by the heart during each phase of the cardiac cycle, voltage (amplitude), and duration (time)

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5
Q

P-R interval

A

time of impulse from S-A

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6
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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7
Q

baseline

A

polarization

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8
Q

T wave

A

repolarization

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9
Q

Q-T interval

A

time from beginning of ventricular contraction to completion of ventricular recovery

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10
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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11
Q

S-T segment

A

transition period between depolarization and repolarization

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12
Q

depolarization

A

The discharge of electrical energy that causes contraction of the heart

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13
Q

During the P-R interval, the small mound that appears in the ECG is called the P wave, which represents depolarization of the atria……then there is no activity for a brief period of time until the Q wave appears. Why doesn’t the wave go immediately from the P wave to the Q wave?

A

time lapse between atrial and ventricular contraction

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14
Q

one “complex” from a complete ECG recording physiologically represents what?

A

polarization, depolarization, and repolarization

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15
Q

three basic functions of the ECG

A

input
output
signal processing

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16
Q

function of input

A

sensors and cables

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17
Q

function of output

A

control panel and stylus

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18
Q

function of signal processing

A

galvanometer and amplifier

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19
Q

galvanometer

A

converts electrical activity into mechanical action of the stylus

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20
Q

amplifier

A

Inside the machine are transistors, resistors, and circuitry, which amplifies the signal about 20,000,000,000 times (enough power to light a flashlight) and feeds it to a galvanometer (strength)

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21
Q

sensors

A

are made of conductive metal, usually nickel-silver or copper, and serve as receiving antennas; they detect the voltage on the skin and feed it into the instrument for processing and display

22
Q

stylus

A

Most instruments write with heat from the tip of the stylus, which melts a thin, white plastic surface on the paper, revealing a black coating underneath

23
Q

The smallest squares on ECG paper are?

A

1 mm sq.

24
Q

The universally accepted paper speed for recording a standard ECG tracing is

A

25 mm/sec

25
Q

row 1 of LCD screen

A

Automatic mode setting, paused, time

26
Q

row 2 of LCD screen

A

Lead, heart rate

27
Q

row 3 of LCD screen

A

filter, ECG

28
Q

row 4 of LCD screen

A

Sensitivity, speed, battery

29
Q

Lead 1

A

RA to LA

30
Q

Lead 2

A

RA to LL

31
Q

Lead 3

A

LA to LL

32
Q

List the leads (correct label) in a routine ECG in run order

A

Lead 1
Lead 2
Lead 3
AVR
AVL
AVF

33
Q

correct positioning of animal to record ECG

A

Restrainer needs to separate the limbs so the electrodes do not touch each other (finger in between)

34
Q

If the ECG is being recorded from an animal that is positioned on a metal table, what should be done prior to making the recording?

A

Towel, “grounding” metal can cause interference, also shivering if cold

35
Q

If the patient is very excited or fearful, what drug(s) could be used to “calm the animal”?

A

Valium, 1mg/kg IV or IM; Will not alter heart rate or rhythm

36
Q

function of the electrolyte paste or gel

A

Conduction media, maximizes “pickup” of impulses

37
Q

What are used as electrodes (sensors) when performing electrocardiography on small animals? Why?

A

alligator clips; hair

38
Q

Why should these things be done prior to connecting the electrodes to the patient?

A

All necessary steps to ready the instrument should be performed before connecting the electrodes to the animal to prevent prolonged discomfort for the animal

39
Q

What type of electrical outlet must the ECG instrument be connected to?

A

grounded (3 prong)

40
Q

When connecting the instrument to an electrical receptacle, what should be avoided? Why?

A

other machines on same circuit, AC/60 cycle interference

41
Q

process of calibrating the ECG instrument? why? what do the results tell you?

A

The calibration of 1mV key is pressed at the beginning and end of the recording; To make sure the instrument is recording accurately; Whether adjustment is needed

42
Q

What can you do to minimize or eliminate each of the above artifacts?

A

a. Gross patient movement: may need to sedate the animal
b. AC Interference: electrical artifact will need to locate the source of the interference
c. Somatic Tremors: muscle tremors may need to sedate the animal (valium/diazepam)
d. Baseline wandering: if patient movement keep the animal calm, place a hand on the thorax

43
Q

While making an ECG recording, you switch the Lead Selector to Lead 2 and the stylus goes off both the top and bottom of the paper. What should you do? why?

A

Decrease the sensitivity to “1⁄2”; if the complexes are too large (going off top and bottom of the paper) then you need to turn the sensitivity down to 1⁄2 to make the complexes smaller so they can fit on the paper

44
Q

The rhythm strip is recorded at what paper speed? Why?

A

50; Since paper speed is increased complexes will be spaced out and easier to read and calculate Rate, Rhythm etc.

45
Q

Why should the electrodes (sensors) be cleaned at the end of each recording session?

A

to prevent corrosion

46
Q

T or F; Changing the paper speed from 25 mm/sec to 50 mm/sec will affect the value of each mm box when calculating the amplitude of the ECG waves

A

F; Does not affect amplitude just paper speed & time

47
Q

T or F; The height of the R wave is measured from the baseline to its peak

A

T

48
Q

What do the vertical marks at the top of the ECG paper represent? What is their purpose?

A

Time, so you know how long to run tracing for and for calculations

49
Q

T or F; The P-R interval indicates the time required for the cardiac impulse to travel from the S-A node, through the atria, to the A-V node. It is the time lapse between atrial contraction to the onset of ventricular contraction

A

T

50
Q

what should you do to the machine to ready it for recording

A
  • plug in machine
  • position machine with AC cord away from animal
  • attach electrode cable to machine
  • check amount of paper
  • turn on machine
  • check display screen
  • turn machine off before connecting patient
51
Q

correct STD mark

A

I mm = 2 solid dark lines tall

vtt 111 - small animal (15 decks)

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