nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
nutrient
A
any substance that when ingested, supports life
2
Q
number of nutrient categories
A
6
3
Q
macronutrients
A
proteins
fats
carbs
4
Q
micronutrients
A
vitamins
minerals
water
5
Q
which nutrient is most important
A
water
6
Q
functions of water in the body
A
- delivers other nutrients
- temp regulation
- organs shape and structure
7
Q
functions of protein in the body
A
- functions as enzymes, hormones, and transporters
8
Q
how is the biological value of protein measured
A
Proportion utilized for growth and maintenance of normal body systems
9
Q
What affects the amount of protein needed in a commercial pet diet?
A
the greater the protein quality, the less is needed
10
Q
functions of fats in the body
A
- provide and store energy
- make up cell membranes
- act as signaling agents and hormones
11
Q
why are essential fatty acids so important
A
must be obtained from a diet (can’t produce them ourselves)
12
Q
what do carbs provide for other nutrients
A
energy and building blocks
13
Q
What happens to excess glucose in the body?
A
Stored as glycogen, which can convert to fat for long-term storage
14
Q
common plant sources used to supply fiber in the diet
A
corn
wheat
rice
barley
oats
potatoes
15
Q
functions of vitamins
A
- used in metabolic processes
- prevent deficiency syndromes
16
Q
Vitamins come from what sources?
A
Found in animal and plant tissues, but some can be synthesized
17
Q
two classifications of vitamins
A
fat-soluble and water-soluble
18
Q
two classifications of minerals
A
macrominerals and microminerals
19
Q
term “ash” refers to
A
the inorganic material that is left over after food has been heated to high temperatures and has undergone combustion
20
Q
Antioxidants
A
substances that delay or prevent oxidation [breakdown] of other compounds or structures such as cell membranes
21
Q
Carotenoids
A
found in colorful vegetables and act both as provitamins [partially converted to vitamin A in the body] and as antioxidants
22
Q
Choline
A
compound that acts like a B vitamin but usually is synthesized in the liver rather than being required in the diet
23
Q
L-carnitine
A
vitamin-like compound that can be found in animal tissue (meat) and is synthesized in the body (It is sometimes added to pet food for effects on health)
24
Q
What is a kilocalorie and how is it measured?
A
The usual measure; what we mean when we talk about “calories” 1 kcal = 1000 calories
25
Kilojoule
Energy needed to move a 1 kilogram weight 1 meter by 1 newton (a measure of work instead of heat)
26
Gross energy
Potential energy of a food or diet
27
Digestible energy
GE minus fecal energy
28
Metabolizable energy
DE minus energy lost in urine and body gases
29
Net energy
ME minus energy used for digestion
30
Atwater factors
Estimate of energy content used by commercial pet food products
31
Energy density
Kcal per unit of food ingredient or pet food
32
Energy expenditure
Energy being used or burned
33
RER
Energy for normal animal at rest (resting energy requirements)
34
MER
Maintenance energy requirement
35
differences between Essential, nonessential and conditionally essential Amino Acids
- Essential (indispensable); cannot be synthesized
- Nonessential (dispensable); formed in the body
- Conditionally essential-Required in diet in certain diseases or life stages
36
three methods of measurement for dietary percentages of protein
a. As fed-direclty from container
b. Dry matter-minus water/moisture
c. Metabolizable (ME) basis=protein, fat, and carbohydrate measures only
37
T/F Animal based proteins are less digestible than plant based
false
38
Where are medium chain triglycerides found?
mothers milk, coconut oil
39
Which triglyceride is the most common?
Long-chain: linoleic, alpha linoleic and arachidonic
40
pansteatitis
"yellow fat disease,” it results from excess dietary fat and deficient antioxidants
41
What is the minimum daily requirement for carbohydrates for dogs and cats?
no minimum
42
Why is Fiber so important in an animal’s diet?
Increases water and fecal bulk to help regulate bowel function
43
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and is important for
Skin, vision, growth, reproduction, immunity, Carotenoids (provitamin A), Cats need dietary source (animal protein)
44
Vitamin D regulates
calcium absorption/mobilization
45
Vitamin K is important for
blood clotting
46
B1
Thiamin-metabolic reactions
47
B2
Riboflavin-biochemical reactions and energy metabolism
48
B3
Niacin-metabolic processes
49
B6
Pyridoxine-enzymatic reactions
50
B12
Cobalamin-Synthesized by microorganisms
51
number of essential minerals for dogs and cats
12
52
essential macrominerals
a. Calcium (Ca)
b. Phosphorus (P)
c. Magnesium (Mg)
d. Sodium (Na)
e. Potassium (K)
f. Chloride (Cl)
53
essential microminerals
a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Zinc
d. Manganese
e. Selenium
f. Iodine
54
T/F Cats are omnivores and do well on animal-based or plant-based foods
false
55
Most dog and cat foods are available in dry and canned varieties. Are added nutrients or vitamins necessary for foods processed by reputable companies?
No as long as reputable company
56
all-purpose
feed healthy animals of any age or lifestyle
57
specific purpose
certain lifestages
58
value
low price
59
premium
claims more expensive ingredients and healthier
60
"people food"
food is designed to loo like a recognizable human food
61
flavors and varieties
distinct flavor varieties
62
veterinary therapeutic diet
intended to be dispensed under the supervision of veterinarians, and in most areas these products may be sold (dispensed) only at the veterinary clinic where the patient is seen
63
What is the main agency responsible for regulating pet foods?
FDA and it’s division CVM
64
AAFCO
develops definitions of feed ingredients: wording that is used on pet food labels, protocols for feeding studies, and other guidelines and standards that often become laws or official regulations after adoption by governmental agencies
65
What information must appear on the principal display panel of a pet food label?
exact brand and product name
66
The information panel is the second required part of a pet food label, what must be listed here?
Guaranteed analysis
Ingredient statement
Feeding directions
Statement of nutritional adequacy
Feeding directions
67
Guaranteed analysis
an important part of the information panel; one of the most confusing statements found on pet food labels - It consists of four required diet components and amounts, along with several others that are optional but are found on many pet foods
68
T/F It is difficult to judge the quality of any pet food based on its label
true
69
reasons pet owners might choose to feed a home-prepared diet
a. Including or avoiding specific ingredients
b. Chemicals
c. Preservatives
d. Additives
e. By-products
f. Perceived low quality of pet foods
g. Avoiding contaminants and toxins
h. Perceived health benefits
i. Food allergy or intolerance
j. Palatability
k. Cost
l. Human-animal bond
70
T/F Human daily supplements can be added to a home prepared diet to make it complete and balanced for pets
false
71
What tests are performed on commercially available pet foods?
palatability
digestibility
safety
72
What three important factors are evaluated during the technician’s initial physical exam?
Body weight
Body condition score
Activity level
73
Why is it important for puppies to nurse within a few hours of birth?
At 24 hours postpartum, colostrum changes over to milk
74
Orphan puppies or puppies unable to nurse adequately will need to be hand fed. How much commercial milk replacer should be fed daily?
approximately 30 mL for every 115 g body weight divided into frequent feedings
75
How do you know when the puppy has had enough formula?
Stomach is full when belly is distended or animal turns its head away from bottle
76
At what age should semisolid gruel be introduced to puppies to begin the weaning process?
3 weeks
77
At what age should intake of the mother’s milk be reduced?
5-6 weeks
78
Why is it important to reduce the mother’s food intake for 2-3 days?
Reduce milk production to avoid mastitis
79
Puppies need two to three times as much energy as adults until ___% of adult weight is reached.
50
80
Growing dogs need 1.5 times adult energy until ___% to ___% of adult weight
80-100
81
What is the primary objective for feeding adult dogs?
find the maintenance energy requirement and proper food dose to maintain ideal body composition
82
How do we determine the ideal body composition?
Ideally the ribs should be felt, but not seen.
83
What would we inform owners to monitor for when feeding adult dogs?
Monitor for overweight conditions and overfeeding
84
Explain how a pregnant bitch’s feeding should be changed during gestation
Week 5: Increase mother’s intake by 30% to 60%; add approximately 26 kcal/kg body weight
Last 4 to 5 weeks: Increase protein and fat intake
85
What is the best method of feeding during lactation?
Free-choice
86
The important staples in a working dog’s diet
carbohydrates and fats for intense muscular exercise, adequate water
87
Ages of geriatric dogs varies by breed/size. List the three types and age ranges
Toy and small-sized breeds:10 to 12 years
Medium-sized dogs: 8 to 10 years
Large and giant breeds: 6 to 8 years
88
What changes might be made for diets fed to older dogs?
Reduce energy, fat may or may not be lowered, adjust fiber-increase
89
Why is consistent one to two times daily feeding recommended for adult cats?
Eliminates overeating, finicky behavior, and food aversion
90
Why is it important to habituate cats to wet food?
Hydration strategies
91
Why is fiber often added to adult cat diets?
for hairballs and help with weight
92
Pregnant cats (queens) should be free fed what type of diet?
growth or all-stage diets
93
What is the most energy demanding life stage for cats?
lactation
94
Cats are considered geriatric at what age?
at least 10 years
95
What can pet owners do if an older cat has a decreased appetite?
offer both try and wet foods
96
What is the most common form of malnutrition in cats and dogs?
overfeeding
97
Why is reduction of the amount fed of the current diet not a good strategy for weight reduction?
the pet will still be hungry
98
What are some options for transitioning a dog off of a weight loss program?
1. Transition to weight-management diet
2. Continue weight loss diet long-term
99
Are there any special considerations when putting a cat on a weight loss program?
much slower than dogs
