Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

vtt 111 - small animal > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

nutrient

A

any substance that when ingested, supports life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

number of nutrient categories

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

macronutrients

A

proteins
fats
carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins
minerals
water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which nutrient is most important

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

functions of water in the body

A
  • delivers other nutrients
  • temp regulation
  • organs shape and structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of protein in the body

A
  • functions as enzymes, hormones, and transporters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is the biological value of protein measured

A

Proportion utilized for growth and maintenance of normal body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What affects the amount of protein needed in a commercial pet diet?

A

the greater the protein quality, the less is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functions of fats in the body

A
  • provide and store energy
  • make up cell membranes
  • act as signaling agents and hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why are essential fatty acids so important

A

must be obtained from a diet (can’t produce them ourselves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do carbs provide for other nutrients

A

energy and building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

A

Stored as glycogen, which can convert to fat for long-term storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

common plant sources used to supply fiber in the diet

A

corn
wheat
rice
barley
oats
potatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of vitamins

A
  • used in metabolic processes
  • prevent deficiency syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vitamins come from what sources?

A

Found in animal and plant tissues, but some can be synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two classifications of vitamins

A

fat-soluble and water-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two classifications of minerals

A

macrominerals and microminerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

term “ash” refers to

A

the inorganic material that is left over after food has been heated to high temperatures and has undergone combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antioxidants

A

substances that delay or prevent oxidation [breakdown] of other compounds or structures such as cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carotenoids

A

found in colorful vegetables and act both as provitamins [partially converted to vitamin A in the body] and as antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Choline

A

compound that acts like a B vitamin but usually is synthesized in the liver rather than being required in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

L-carnitine

A

vitamin-like compound that can be found in animal tissue (meat) and is synthesized in the body (It is sometimes added to pet food for effects on health)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a kilocalorie and how is it measured?

A

The usual measure; what we mean when we talk about “calories” 1 kcal = 1000 calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Kilojoule

A

Energy needed to move a 1 kilogram weight 1 meter by 1 newton (a measure of work instead of heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gross energy

A

Potential energy of a food or diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Digestible energy

A

GE minus fecal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

DE minus energy lost in urine and body gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Net energy

A

ME minus energy used for digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atwater factors

A

Estimate of energy content used by commercial pet food products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Energy density

A

Kcal per unit of food ingredient or pet food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Energy expenditure

A

Energy being used or burned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

RER

A

Energy for normal animal at rest (resting energy requirements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

MER

A

Maintenance energy requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

differences between Essential, nonessential and conditionally essential Amino Acids

A
  • Essential (indispensable); cannot be synthesized
  • Nonessential (dispensable); formed in the body
  • Conditionally essential-Required in diet in certain diseases or life stages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

three methods of measurement for dietary percentages of protein

A

a. As fed-direclty from container
b. Dry matter-minus water/moisture
c. Metabolizable (ME) basis=protein, fat, and carbohydrate measures only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T/F Animal based proteins are less digestible than plant based

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are medium chain triglycerides found?

A

mothers milk, coconut oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which triglyceride is the most common?

A

Long-chain: linoleic, alpha linoleic and arachidonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pansteatitis

A

“yellow fat disease,” it results from excess dietary fat and deficient antioxidants

41
Q

What is the minimum daily requirement for carbohydrates for dogs and cats?

A

no minimum

42
Q

Why is Fiber so important in an animal’s diet?

A

Increases water and fecal bulk to help regulate bowel function

43
Q

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and is important for

A

Skin, vision, growth, reproduction, immunity, Carotenoids (provitamin A), Cats need dietary source (animal protein)

44
Q

Vitamin D regulates

A

calcium absorption/mobilization

45
Q

Vitamin K is important for

A

blood clotting

46
Q

B1

A

Thiamin-metabolic reactions

47
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin-biochemical reactions and energy metabolism

48
Q

B3

A

Niacin-metabolic processes

49
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxine-enzymatic reactions

50
Q

B12

A

Cobalamin-Synthesized by microorganisms

51
Q

number of essential minerals for dogs and cats

A

12

52
Q

essential macrominerals

A

a. Calcium (Ca)
b. Phosphorus (P)
c. Magnesium (Mg)
d. Sodium (Na)
e. Potassium (K)
f. Chloride (Cl)

53
Q

essential microminerals

A

a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Zinc
d. Manganese
e. Selenium
f. Iodine

54
Q

T/F Cats are omnivores and do well on animal-based or plant-based foods

A

false

55
Q

Most dog and cat foods are available in dry and canned varieties. Are added nutrients or vitamins necessary for foods processed by reputable companies?

A

No as long as reputable company

56
Q

all-purpose

A

feed healthy animals of any age or lifestyle

57
Q

specific purpose

A

certain lifestages

58
Q

value

A

low price

59
Q

premium

A

claims more expensive ingredients and healthier

60
Q

“people food”

A

food is designed to loo like a recognizable human food

61
Q

flavors and varieties

A

distinct flavor varieties

62
Q

veterinary therapeutic diet

A

intended to be dispensed under the supervision of veterinarians, and in most areas these products may be sold (dispensed) only at the veterinary clinic where the patient is seen

63
Q

What is the main agency responsible for regulating pet foods?

A

FDA and it’s division CVM

64
Q

AAFCO

A

develops definitions of feed ingredients: wording that is used on pet food labels, protocols for feeding studies, and other guidelines and standards that often become laws or official regulations after adoption by governmental agencies

65
Q

What information must appear on the principal display panel of a pet food label?

A

exact brand and product name

66
Q

The information panel is the second required part of a pet food label, what must be listed here?

A

Guaranteed analysis
Ingredient statement
Feeding directions
Statement of nutritional adequacy
Feeding directions

67
Q

Guaranteed analysis

A

an important part of the information panel; one of the most confusing statements found on pet food labels - It consists of four required diet components and amounts, along with several others that are optional but are found on many pet foods

68
Q

T/F It is difficult to judge the quality of any pet food based on its label

A

true

69
Q

reasons pet owners might choose to feed a home-prepared diet

A

a. Including or avoiding specific ingredients
b. Chemicals
c. Preservatives
d. Additives
e. By-products
f. Perceived low quality of pet foods
g. Avoiding contaminants and toxins
h. Perceived health benefits
i. Food allergy or intolerance
j. Palatability
k. Cost
l. Human-animal bond

70
Q

T/F Human daily supplements can be added to a home prepared diet to make it complete and balanced for pets

A

false

71
Q

What tests are performed on commercially available pet foods?

A

palatability
digestibility
safety

72
Q

What three important factors are evaluated during the technician’s initial physical exam?

A

Body weight
Body condition score
Activity level

73
Q

Why is it important for puppies to nurse within a few hours of birth?

A

At 24 hours postpartum, colostrum changes over to milk

74
Q

Orphan puppies or puppies unable to nurse adequately will need to be hand fed. How much commercial milk replacer should be fed daily?

A

approximately 30 mL for every 115 g body weight divided into frequent feedings

75
Q

How do you know when the puppy has had enough formula?

A

Stomach is full when belly is distended or animal turns its head away from bottle

76
Q

At what age should semisolid gruel be introduced to puppies to begin the weaning process?

A

3 weeks

77
Q

At what age should intake of the mother’s milk be reduced?

A

5-6 weeks

78
Q

Why is it important to reduce the mother’s food intake for 2-3 days?

A

Reduce milk production to avoid mastitis

79
Q

Puppies need two to three times as much energy as adults until ___% of adult weight is reached.

A

50

80
Q

Growing dogs need 1.5 times adult energy until ___% to ___% of adult weight

A

80-100

81
Q

What is the primary objective for feeding adult dogs?

A

find the maintenance energy requirement and proper food dose to maintain ideal body composition

82
Q

How do we determine the ideal body composition?

A

Ideally the ribs should be felt, but not seen.

83
Q

What would we inform owners to monitor for when feeding adult dogs?

A

Monitor for overweight conditions and overfeeding

84
Q

Explain how a pregnant bitch’s feeding should be changed during gestation

A

Week 5: Increase mother’s intake by 30% to 60%; add approximately 26 kcal/kg body weight
Last 4 to 5 weeks: Increase protein and fat intake

85
Q

What is the best method of feeding during lactation?

A

Free-choice

86
Q

The important staples in a working dog’s diet

A

carbohydrates and fats for intense muscular exercise, adequate water

87
Q

Ages of geriatric dogs varies by breed/size. List the three types and age ranges

A

Toy and small-sized breeds:10 to 12 years
Medium-sized dogs: 8 to 10 years
Large and giant breeds: 6 to 8 years

88
Q

What changes might be made for diets fed to older dogs?

A

Reduce energy, fat may or may not be lowered, adjust fiber-increase

89
Q

Why is consistent one to two times daily feeding recommended for adult cats?

A

Eliminates overeating, finicky behavior, and food aversion

90
Q

Why is it important to habituate cats to wet food?

A

Hydration strategies

91
Q

Why is fiber often added to adult cat diets?

A

for hairballs and help with weight

92
Q

Pregnant cats (queens) should be free fed what type of diet?

A

growth or all-stage diets

93
Q

What is the most energy demanding life stage for cats?

A

lactation

94
Q

Cats are considered geriatric at what age?

A

at least 10 years

95
Q

What can pet owners do if an older cat has a decreased appetite?

A

offer both try and wet foods

96
Q

What is the most common form of malnutrition in cats and dogs?

A

overfeeding

97
Q

Why is reduction of the amount fed of the current diet not a good strategy for weight reduction?

A

the pet will still be hungry

98
Q

What are some options for transitioning a dog off of a weight loss program?

A
  1. Transition to weight-management diet
  2. Continue weight loss diet long-term
99
Q

Are there any special considerations when putting a cat on a weight loss program?

A

much slower than dogs

vtt 111 - small animal (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions