Operations of Systems

Question 1

What are the four main control surfaces and what are their functions

Answer 1

elevators - pitch

Ailerons - Roll

Rudder - Yaw

Trim tabs - Labor saving devices that enable the pilot to release manual pressure on the primary control

Question 2

How are the various flight controls operated

Answer 2

The flight control surfaces are manually actuated through use of either a rod or cable system. A control wheel actuates the ailerons and elevator, and rudder/break pedals actuate the rudder

Question 3

What are flaps and what is their function

Answer 3

The wing flaps are movable panels on the inboard trailing edges of the wing. They are hinged so that they may be extended downward into the flow of air beneath the wins to increase both lift and drag. Their purpose is to permit a slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during a landing approach. In some cases, they may also be used to shorten the takeoff distance

Question 4

Describe the landing gear system on the airplane

Answer 4

PA-28-181
3 gears using 6x6 wheels. Main gear have brake drums and Cleveland single disk hydraulic brake assemblies. All 3 wheel are four ply rating, type 3 tires with tubes

A spring device is incorporated in the rudder pedal torque tube assembly to provide rudder trim. A bungee in the nose gear steering mechanism reduces steering effort and dampens bumps and shocks during taxi. The nose gear is steerable through 30 degrees. A shimmy dampener is also included in the nose gear

The struts are of the air-oil type with a normal extension of 3.25 inches for the nose gear and 4.5 for the mains

Question 5

Describe the braking system on the aircraft

Answer 5

Hydraulically actuated disc-type brakes are utilized on each main gear wheel. A hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder located on each pilots rudder pedals. By applying pressure to the top of either the pilot’s or copilot’s set or rudder pedals, the brakes may be applied

Question 6

What type of hydraulic fluid does your aircraft use and what color is it

Answer 6

MIL-H-5606 petroleum base hydraulic brake fluid

red

Question 7

How is steering accomplished on the ground

Answer 7

Light airplanes are generally provided with nose wheel steering capabilities through a simple system of mechanical linkage connected to the rudder pedals. When a rudder pedal is depressed, a spring loaded bungee push-pull rod connected to the pivotal portion of a nose wheel strut will turn the nose wheel

Question 8

What type of engine does your aircraft have

Answer 8

Horizontally opposed 4 cylinder overhead valve air cooled carbureted engine

Question 9

What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four stroke engine in order for it to produce full power

Answer 9

Intake - downward travel of piston causing the intake valve to open

Compression - intake valve closes and piston moves back up

Power - Fuel-air mixture is ignited forces the piston back down

Exhaust - purge the cylinder of burned gases and begins when the exhaust value opens

Question 10

What does a carburetor do

Answer 10

Carburetion may be defined as the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions so as to forma. combustible mixture. The carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into small particles and then mixes it with air. It measures the airflow and meters fuel accordingly

Question 11

How does the carburetor heat system work

Answer 11

A carburetor heat valve, controlled by the pilot, allows unfiltered, heated air from a shroud located around an exhaust riser or muffler to be directed to the induction air manifold prior to the carburetor. Carburetor heat should be used anytime suspected or known carburetor icing conditions exist

Question 12

What change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carburetor heat

Answer 12

Normally, the introduction of heated air into the carburetor will result in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense, resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel. Use of carburetor heat can cause a decrease in engine power of up to 15 perce

Question 13

What does the throttle do

Answer 13

The throttle allows the pilot to manually control the amount of fuel/air charge entering the cylinders. This in turn regulate the engine speed and power

Question 14

What does the mixture control do

Answer 14

It regulates the fuel-to-air ratio. All airplane engines incorporate a device called a mixture control, by which the fuel/air ratio can be controlled by the pilot during flight. The purpose of a mixture control is to prevent the mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes, due to decreasing air density. it is also used to lean the mixture during cross-country flights to conserve fuel and provided optimum power

Question 15

Describe the fuel injection system installed in some aircraft

Answer 15

Engine-driven fuel pump - provides fuel under pressure from the fuel tanks to the fuel/air control unit

Fuel/air control unit - meters fuel based on the mixture control setting and sends it to the fuel manifold valve at a rate controlled by the throttle

Fuel manifold valve - distributes fuel to the individual fuel discharge nozzles

Discharge nozzles - located in each cylinder head, these inject the fuel/air mixture at the precise time for each cylinder directly into each cylinder intake port

Auxiliary fuel pump - provides fuel under pressure to the fuel/air control unit for engine starting and/or emergency use

Fuel pressure/flow indicator - measures metered fuel pressure/flow

Question 16

What type of ignition system does your airplane have

Answer 16

Engine ignition is provided by two engine-driven magnetos, and two spark plugs per cylinder.

Completely independent of the aircrafts electrical system

The battery provides the initial power to the magnetos to actuate them. Once the engine starts the starter system is disengaged and the batter is no longer connected to the engine

Question 17

What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system

Answer 17

increased safety in case one spark plug fails

More complete and even combustion of the mixture

Question 18

What type of fuel system does your aircraft have

Answer 18

The fuel flows from the wing tanks with the help of an electrical or engine driven fuel pump. From the wings the fuel flows to the fuel cutoff valve then the strainer then to the carburetor. The fuel is mixed with air and goes to the cylinder

Question 19

What purpose do fuel tank vents have

Answer 19

To prevent a vacuum from forming in the fuel tanks

Question 20

Does your aircraft use a fuel pump

Answer 20

Yes, engine drive and an electrical one for backup

Question 21

What does the ammeter indicate

Answer 21

The ammeter indicates the flow of current, in amperes, from the alternator to the battery or from the battery to the electrical system. With the engine running and master switch on, the ammeter will indicate the charging rate to the battery. If the alternator has gone off-line and is no longer functioning, or the electrical load exceeds the output of the alternator, the ammeter indicates the discharge rate of the battery

Question 22

What function does the voltage regulator have

Answer 22

The voltage regulator is a device which monitors system voltage, detect changes, and makes the required adjustments in the output of the alternator to maintain a constant regulated system voltage. It must do this at low RPM, such as during taxi, as well as at high RPM in flight. In a 28-volt system it will maintain 28V +/-.5

Question 23

Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage

Answer 23

The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged. For example, a 12V battery would be supplied with 14V

Question 24

How does the aircraft cabin heat work

Answer 24

Fresh air, headed by an exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts

Question 25

How does the pilot control temp. in the cabin

Answer 25

Temp. is controlled by mixing outside air with heated air in a manifold near the cabin firewall. This air is then ducked to vents located on the cabin floor

Question 26

What are the 5 basic functions of aircraft engine oil

Answer 26

Lubricate - the engines moving parts Cool - the engine by reducing friction Removes - heat from the cylinders Seals - provides a seal between the cylinder wall and pistons Cleans - by carrying off metal and carbon particles and other oil contaminates

Question 27

What type of fuel does your aircraft require

Answer 27

100LL Blue

Question 28

Con other types of fuel be used if the specified grade is not availabe

Answer 28

If allowed by the POH it may be possible, but not desired, to use the next higher grade of fuel if the required grade is not available. It is never okay to use a lower grade or auto gas

Question 29

What color dye is added to 80, 100, 100LL, Turbine

Answer 29

80 - red 100 - green 100LL - blue Jet-A - straw

Question 30

If a non-turbine piston engine powered airplane is accidentally fueled with JET-A fuel will it start

Answer 30

Yes, but detonation and overheating will soon cause power failure

Question 31

What is the function of the manual primer and how does it operate

Answer 31

The manual primer main function is to provide assistance in starting the engine. The primer draws fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it directly into the cylinder intake ports. This usually results in a quicker, more efficient engine start

Question 32

Describe the electrical system on your aircraft

Answer 32

28V system includes a 24V battery for starting and backup. 70 AMP alternator. The digital amp meter does not indicate battery discharge. With only the master switch on the ammeter will show the total battery charge demand. As items are turned on the ammeter will show the total including the battery. Average reading at night with radios on is 32

Question 33

How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected

Answer 33

Most of the electrical circuits are protected from an overload condition by either circuit breakers or fuses or both.

Question 34

The electrical system provides power for what equipment in an airplane

Answer 34

``` Radio Turn coordinator Fuel gauges pitot heat interior/exterior lights electrical flaps stall warning system oil temp electrical fuel pump ```

Question 35

What causes carburetor icing, and what are the first indications of its presence

Answer 35

The vaporization of fuel, combined with the expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. The temp. of the air passing through the carburetor may drop as much as 60 degrees F within a fraction of a second. Water vapor is squeezed out by this cooling, and if the temp. in the carburetor reached 32 degrees F or below, the moisture will be deposited as frost or ice inside the carburetor. For airplanes with a fixed-pitch propeller, the first indication of carburetor icing is loss of RPM. For airplanes with controllable-pitch the first indication is usually a drop in manifold pressure

Question 36

What method is used to determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated

Answer 36

When heat is first applied there will be a drop in RPM or manifold pressure. If ice is present the RPM or manifold pressure will rise once it has melted. When heat is turned off the RPM or manifold pressure will go back to a setting hire than it was before heat was applied. Engine roughness is expected during the melting phase

Question 37

What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing

Answer 37

When temp. are below 70 degrees F and humidity is above 80%. It can happen even with higher temp. and lower humidity

Question 38

Define the term anti-icing equipment and deicing equipmenet

Answer 38

Anti-icing - prevents ice from forming on certain protected surfaces eg heated pitot tube Deicing - Removes ice that has already formed on protected surfaces. Ice boots

Question 39

Describe how an aircraft deicing system works

Answer 39

Upon pilot actuation, boots attached to the wing leading edges inflate with air from a pneumatic pump to break off accumulated ice. After a few seconds of inflation, they are deflated back to their normal position with vacuum assistance. Pilot monitors the ice and cycle the boots as directed in the POH

Question 40

If an airplane has anti-icing and/or deicing equipment installed, can it be flown into icing conditions

Answer 40

Even though it may appear elaborate and completed, the presence of anti-icing and deicing equipment does not necessarily mean that an airplane is approved for flight in icing conditions. The AFM/POH placards, and even the manufacturer should be consulates for specific determination of approvals and limitations

Question 41

What is detonation

Answer 41

Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinders combustion chamber. It causes excessive temp. and pressure which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves. In less severe cases, detonation causes engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power. Detonation is characterized by high cylinder head temp. and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings

Question 42

What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation

Answer 42

using a lower fuel grade than that specified by the A/C operating with extremely high manifold pressure in conjunction with low RPM Operating the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture extended ground operations or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced

Question 43

What action should be taken if detonation is suspected

Answer 43

Ensure that the proper grade of fuel is used keep cowl flaps in the full-open position while on the ground to provide the maximum airflow through the cowling use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallow climb angle to increase cylinder cooling during takeoff and initial climb avoid extended, high power, steep climbs develop the habit of monitoring the engine instruments to verify proper operation according to procedures established by the manufacturer

Question 44

What is preignition

Answer 44

pre-ignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engine's normal ignition event resulting in reduced engine power and high operating temp. Premature burning is usually caused by a residual hot spot in the combustion chamber, often created by a small carbon deposit on a spark plug, a cracked spark plug insulator, or other damage in the cylinder that causes a part to head sufficiently to ignite the fuel/air charge. As with detonation, pre-ignition may also cause sever engine damage, because the expanding gases exert excessive pressure on the piston while still on its compression stroke

Question 45

What cation should be taken if preignition is suspected

Answer 45

reduce power reduce the climb rate for better cooling enrich the fuel/air mixture open cowl flaps

Question 46

During the before-takeoff runup, you switch the magnetos from the both position to the right position and notice there is no rpm drop. What condition does this indicate

Answer 46

The left p-lead is not grounding, or the engine has been running only on the right magneto because the left magneto has totally failed

Question 47

Ammeter indicates a right deflection (positive)

Answer 47

after starting - power from the battery used for starting is being replenish by the alternator; or, if a full-scale charge is indicated for more than 1 minute, the started is still engaged and a shutdown is indicated during flight - a faulty voltage regulator is causing the alternator to overcharge the battery. Reset the system and if the condition continues, terminate the flight as soon as possible

Question 48

Ammeter indicates a left deflection (negative)

Answer 48

After starting - It is normal during start. At other times this indicated the alternator is not functioning or an overload condition exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge During flight - The alternator is not functioning or an overload exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge. Possible causes: the master switch was accidentally shut off, or the alternator circuit breaker tripped

Question 49

What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge while in flight

Answer 49

The alternator has quit producing a charge Check and reset alternator breaker if not corrected turn off alternator by pulling the breaker turn off all electrical equipment not needed for flight land as soon as possible

Question 50

What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge while in flight (more than 2 needle width)

Answer 50

If allowed the battery will overheat. A possible explosion of the battery could result. Electrical components are at risk with higher voltage Protection is provided by an overvoltage sensor which will shut the alternator down when excessive voltage is detected. When that happens turn off alternator by pulling the breaker turn off all electrical equipment not needed for flight land as soon as possible

Question 51

During a cross-country flight you noticed that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temp. is normal. What is the problem and what action should be taken

Answer 51

A low oil pressure in flight could be the result of any one of several problems, the most common being that of insufficient oil. If the oil temp. continues to remain normal, a clogged oil pressure relief valve or an oil pressure gauge malfunction could be the culprit. In any case, a landing at the nearest airport is advisable to check for the cause of trouble

Question 52

What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight

Answer 52

Establish best glide speed Selected ER landing spot and stay within gliding distance if time troubleshoot and correct ``` check carburetor heat check amount of fuel switch fuel tanks check the fuel selector valve's correct position check mixture control check primer is in and locked check mags in all positions ```

Question 53

What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight

Answer 53

``` set the mixture control to idle cutoff fuel selector OFF master switches OFF Cabin heat and air vents OFF Airspeed 100 KTS and increase descent Forced landing procedure checklist ```

Question 54

What procedures should be followed if an engine fire develops on the ground during starting

Answer 54

continue to attempt an engine as a start will cause flames and excess fuel to be sucked back through the carburetor if starts increase power to higher RPM for a few moment shutdown the engine if no start throttle to full mixture to idel cutoff try to start engine to put out fire by vacuum ``` If fire continues ignition switches off master switches off fuel selector off evacuate ```

Question 55

What instruments operate off of the pitot/static sysetm

Answer 55

altimeter, vertical speed, and airspeed

Question 56

How does an altimeter work

Answer 56

Aneroid wafer expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes

Question 57

What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter

Answer 57

Temp changes on a warm day - pressure level is higher than on a standard day - indicates lower than actual alt. on a cold day - the pressure is lower than on a standard day - indicates a higher than actual alt. Surface pressure changes higher than standard pressure - indicates lower than actual alt. lower than standard pressure - indicates higher than actual alt.

Question 58

Absolute altitude

Answer 58

the vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain

Question 59

Indicated altitude

Answer 59

The altitude read directly from the altimeter after it is set to the current altimeter setting

Question 60

Pressure altitude

Answer 60

The altitude when the altimeter setting window is adjusted to 29.92. Pressure altitude is used for computer solutions to determine density altitude, true altitude, and true airspeed

Question 61

True altitude

Answer 61

The true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level. Airport, terrain, and obstacle elevation found on aeronautical charts are true altitudes

Question 62

Density altitude

Answer 62

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations. Directly related to an aircraft's takeoff, climb, and landing performance

Question 63

How does the airspeed indicator operate

Answer 63

Differential pressure gauge measures the difference between impact pressure form the pitot head and atmospheric pressure from the static port. The difference is the airspeed

Question 64

What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator

Answer 64

Subjected to the proper flow of air in the pitot static system

Question 65

What are the errors of the airspeed indicator

Answer 65

position error - caused by the static port sensing erroneous static pressure; slip stream flow causes disturbances at the static port preventing actual atmospheric pressure measurement. It varies with airspeed, altitude and configuration, and may be a plus or minus value Density error - changes in altitude and temp. are not compensated for by the instrument Compressibility error - Caused by the packing of air into the pitot tube at high speed, resulting in higher than normal indications. It is usually not a factor at slower speeds

Question 66

What are the different types of aircraft speeds

Answer 66

Indicated Airspeed - The speed of the airplane as observe on the airspeed indicator. Not corrected for position or compressibility errors Calibrate Airspeed - Corrected for position and instrument error. CAS is equal to TAS at sea level in standard atmosphere. The color-coding for various design speeds marked on airspeed indicators may be IAS or CAS Equivalent Airspeed EAS - The airspeed indicator reading corrected for position and instrument error and for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. EAS is equal to CAS at sea level in standard atmosphere True airspeed TAS - CAS corrected for altitude and nonstandard temp. the speed of the airplane in relation to the air mass in which it is flying

Question 67

Name several important speed limitations not marked on the face of the airspeed indicator

Answer 67

Va - maneuvering speed Vlo - landing gear operating speed Vx - Best angle of climb speed Vy - Best rate of climb

Question 68

What does the white arc indicate

Answer 68

flap operating range

Question 69

Lower A/S limit of white are

Answer 69

Vso - stall speed landing configuration

Question 70

Upper A/S limit white arc

Answer 70

Vfe - max flap extension speed

Question 71

Green arc

Answer 71

normal operating range

Question 72

Lower A/S limit green arc

Answer 72

Vs1 - stall speed clean or specified configuration

Question 73

Upper A/S Limit green arc

Answer 73

Vno - normal operating speed or max structural cruise speed

Question 74

Yellow arc

Answer 74

Caution range - smooth air ops only

Question 75

Red Line

Answer 75

Vne - never exceed speed

Question 76

How does the vertical speed indicator work

Answer 76

Differential pressure instrument both inside of case and the aneroid are vented to the static system Case is vented through a calibrate orifice that causes the pressure inside to change more slowly giving an indication of a climb or descent climb - case pressure compressed the aneroid descent - aneroid pushes out the air in the case

Question 77

What are the limitations of the vertical speed indicator

Answer 77

Not accurate till aircraft is stabilized because of a 6-9 second delay

Question 78

What instruments contain gyroscopes

Answer 78

Turn coordinator heading indicator attitude indicator

Question 79

What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope

Answer 79

rigidity in space - a gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning precession - the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force. The reaction to this force does not occur at the point where it was applied; rather, it occurs at a point that is 90 degrees later in the direction of rotation. The rate at which the gyro precesses is inversely proportional to the speed of the rotor and proportional to the deflective force

Question 80

What are the various power sources that may be used to power the gyroscopic instruments in an airplane

Answer 80

in some all gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated. In other vacuum or pressure power the heading and attitude indicators while turn coordinator is powered by electricity. Most airplane have two power system to provide at least 1 source of bank information should one system fail

Question 81

How does the vacuum system operate

Answer 81

an engine-driven vacuum pump provides suction which pulls air from the instrument case. Normal pressure entering the case is directed against rotor vanes to turn the rotor at high speed, much like a water wheel or turbine operates. Air is drawn into the instrument through a filter from the cockpit and eventually vented outside. Vacuum values vary between 4.5 and 5.5 inches of Hg and provide rotor speed between 8K to 18K RPM

Question 82

How does the attitude indicator work

Answer 82

The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends on rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar represents the true horizon. This bar is fixed to the gyro and remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the attitude of the A/C relative to the horizon

Question 83

What are the limitations of the attitud eindicator

Answer 83

The pitch and bank limits depend upon the make and model of the instrument. Limits in the banking plane are usually from 100 to 110 degrees and the pitch limits are usually from 60 to 70 degrees. If either limit is exceeded the instrument will tumble or spill and will give incorrect indications until reset. Modern ones will not tumble

Question 84

What are the errors of the attitude indicator

Answer 84

They are generally free of errors however there might be a slight nose up indication during rapid acceleration and a nose down during rapid deceleration. Also possible to have small bank and pitch error after a 180 turn but these typically correct themselves after a minute of level flight

Question 85

How does the heading indicator operate

Answer 85

Rigidity in space. The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and the compass card is fixed to the rotor. Since the rotor remains rigid in space, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative to the vertical plane. As the instrument case and the airplane revolve around the vertical axis, the card provides clear and accurate heading information

Question 86

What are the limitations of the heading indicator

Answer 86

Vary based on design. Around 55 degrees of bank or pitch. If limit is exceeded the HSI needs to be reset with the caging knob. Modern HSI will not tumble or spill

Question 87

What error is the heading indicator subject to

Answer 87

Because of precession, caused mainly by friction, the heading indicator will creep or drift from a heading to which is is set. May indicate as much as 15 degrees of ere per 1 h of operation

Question 88

How does the turn coordinator operate

Answer 88

Precession to indicate direction and approximate rate of turn. A gyro reacts by trying to move in reaction to the force applied thus moving the needle or miniature aircraft in proportion to the rate of turn. The slip/skid indicator is a liquid-filled tub with a ball that reacts to centrifugal force and gravity

Question 89

What information does the turn coordinator provide

Answer 89

Yaw and roll of the aircraft, direction and rate of turn. When aligned it shows a standard rate turn of 3 degrees per second. The inclinometer of the turn coordinator shows the coordination fo the aileron and rudder. Shows if in a slip, skid, or coordinated

Question 90

What will the turn indicator indicate when the A/C is in a skidding or a slipping turn

Answer 90

slip - The ball in the tube will be on the inside of the turn - not enough rate of turn for the amount of bank skid - the ball in the tube will be to the outside of the turn; too much rate of turn for the amount of bank

Question 91

How does the magnetic compass work

Answer 91

Magnetized needles fastened to a float assembly, around which is mounted a compass card align themselves parallel to the earth's line of magnetic force. The float assembly is housed in a bowl filled with acid-free white kerosene

Question 92

What limitations does the magnetic compass have

Answer 92

The jewel and pivot type mounting allows the float freedom to rotate and tilt up to approximate 18 degrees angle of bank. At steeper bank angles, the compass indications are erratic and unpredictable

Question 93

What are the various compass errors

Answer 93

oscillation error - erratic movement of the compass card caused by turbulence or rough control technique deviation error - due to electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft variation error - angular difference between true and magnetic north; reference isogonic lines of variation dip errors Acceleration error - on E and W headings while accelerating the magnetic compass shows a turn to the north and when decelerating, it shows a turn to the south A-ccelerate N-orth D-ecelerate S-outh Northerly turning error - the compass leads in the south half of a turn and lags in the north half of a turn U-ndershoot N-orth O-vershoot S-outh

Question 94

AHRS

Answer 94

Attitude and heading reference systems. 3 axis sensors that provide heading, attitude, and yaw information. Designed to replace gyros

Question 95

ADC

Answer 95

Air Data Computer - processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temp to calculate altitude, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, vertical speed, and air temp

Question 96

PFD

Answer 96

Primary flight display - easy to scan display replacing the 6 pack

Question 97

MFD

Answer 97

multi-function display used in concert with the PFD it shows moving maps, nav information, terrain etc and can be a back up to the PFD

Question 98

FD

Answer 98

Flight director - an electronic flight computer that analyzes the navigation selection, signal, and A/C parameters. It shows steering instruction on the flight display as command bars or crossbars for the pilot to position the nose of the A/C

Question 99

FMS

Answer 99

Flight Management system - database for the navigation and autopilot and FD. Can calculate fuel consumption, time remaining, possible range and other values

Question 100

INS

Answer 100

Inertial navigation system - nav system that tracks the movement of an A/C from onboard accelerometer

Question 101

What is the function of a magnetometer

Answer 101

To measure the strength of the earth's magnetic field to figure out the A/C heading and send it to the AHRS which then sends it to the PFD

Question 102

When powering up an A/C with an FMS/RNAV unit installed, how will you verify the effective dates of the nav database

Answer 102

Displayed on the start up screen during the boot up

Question 103

Does an A/C have to remain stationary during AHRS system initialization

Answer 103

Depends on the system, some need to be done on the ground while other can be done while taxing or in flight

Question 104

Which standby flight instruments are normally provided in an advanced avionics aircraft

Answer 104

Attitude indicator, airspeed indicator, and an altimeter

Question 105

If one display fails (PFD or MFD) what information will be presented on the remaining display

Answer 105

The primary flight and engine instruments will be displayed on the operative display

Question 106

When a display failure occurs, what other system components will be affected

Answer 106

In some system this may lead to partial loss of nav, comm, and GPS capability

Question 107

What display information will be affected when an ADC failure occur

Answer 107

Airspeed, Alt. and VSI will have a red X on the PFD

Question 108

What display information will be lost when an AHRS failure occurs

Answer 108

Attitude indicator will have a red X on the PFD

Question 109

How will loss of a magnetometer affect the AHRS operation

Answer 109

Heading information will be lost