Navigation and Cross Country Flashcards
What is true course
The A/C course over the ground relative to true north
How do you determine a magnetic course
You take your true course, correct it for wind to get your true heading, then add for west or subtract for each magnetic variation to get the magnetic heading
What is true heading
True course corrected for wind
What is magnetic heading
It is your direction relative to magnetic north read from your magnetic compass
True heading corrected for variation
What is a compass course
Course corrected for deviation and variation
What is compass heading
Magnetic heading corrected for deviation
How do you determine variation?
Isogonic line closest to your course
What is deviation
Error induced in a compass by local magnetic fields
What are isogonic lines
imaginary line on a map joining points on the earth’s surface at which the magnetic declination is the same
What are agonic line
an imaginary line around the earth passing through both the north pole and the north magnetic pole at any point on which a compass needle point to true north
What is a restricted area?
Areas denoted the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants
What is a prohibited area
Airspace of define dimensions identified by an area on the surface within which the flight of A/C is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare
Can you fly through a restricted or a prohibited area
You can fly though a restricted area with prior permission, usually obtain on the ground, from the controlling agency. You cannot fly in a prohibited area, however, you might be able to fly above it. Check the the special use airspace table on the sectional to find the dimensions of SUA.
What are warning and alert areas
Warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from three NM outward from the coast of the US, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating A/C. It is established to warn pilots of potential danger. It can be over domestic, international, or both waters
And alert area are depicted on charts to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of training or an unusual type of aerial activity. Pilots should be particularly alert when flying in these areas
Where can you find information regarding an airports location, number of runway, services, and traffic patterns
The US Chart Supplement
Where can you find ATC procedures
Aeronautical Information Manual
When do charts expire and how can you tell
They expire every 56 days with the valid period being printed on the cover
What is a road
single or double gray lines
What is a river
Dark blue lines filled with light blue
What is a town
Yellow areas (pop 250K or more), squares 25K-250K, or dots less than 25K
What is a lake
Large blue area in the general shape of the real lake
What is a railroad track
black line with ticks
What is a primary road
a thick gray line
What is a secondary road
a thin gray line
What is an interstate
a double gray line
What is an airport symbol
magenta (no CT) or blue (CT) circle or runway complex. Runway patterns will be shown at Airports with at least one hard surface runway 1500’ or greater
Does this airport have services?
Tick marks indicate services
Does this airport have runway light?
L indicates lights operate from sunset to sunrise *L indicates to check the chart suppl. for runway lights
What frequency can be used for traffic advisory
CTAF frequency is shows with a C in a blue circle after the frequency
What is the elevation of the airport
First set of numbers on the second line
What is the length of the runway
shows after elevation in 100’s of feet. Usable lengths might be less
What is an airway?
light blue or magenta lines prefixed with V and A, T, BR and a number
What are the big numbers in the square
Maximum Elevation Figure within the square
What is the minimum alt. you can fly over a wildlife refuge
2,000 AGL
Note towers and the MSL and AGL height of the tower
Top is MSL (what you will read) bottom is AGL (how far you will fall)
What type of lighting does this tower have
High intensity
What are VOR’s and how do you identify them on sectional charts
radio nav aids blue hexagon with a dot and an information callout box. A blue triangle is a VORTAC and a hexagon in a box is a VOR-DMS
What are NDB and how do you identify them on sectional charts
non-directional radio beacon magenta circled with dots around them. When in a blue box it’s a NDB-DMS
What is an MOA and how do you identify it in on a chart
Military Operations Area. It is airspace outside of Class A to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted.
Hashed Magenta outline and the name of the MOA
Are you allowed to fly through an MOA
Yes you can fly through an active MOA without talking to anyone, however, that is not recommended as military traffic can be hard to see
What frequencies are used in contacting a FSS
All in the 122 and 123 range. Universal FSS is 122.2
What are military training routes
Predefined airways below 10K MSL where military traffic can travel above 250KT.
Typically routes above 1,500 AGL are under IFR and below 1,500 AGL VFR. Routes are shown on a chart as a gray line with IR (IFR) or VR (VFR) and a number along with an arrow in the direction of flight. 4 numbers show routes at or below 1,500 AGL and 3 digit are routes with at least 1 segment above 1,500 AGL
The corridor, in the vast majority of cases is 5 miles on each side or 10 miles wide in total. The military is required to NOTAM the use of a route at least 2h prior to allow civil A/C to de-conflict `
What is the CTAF for an airport without a CT that has a FSS station on the field
The FSS advisory frequency is usually the CTAF in this case, but best to always check the Chart Supp.
Where can you find information regarding frequencies and procedures for D/F and radar assistance
FSS or CT
Tell me about the facilities at this airport FSS
FSS provides services to pilots before, during, and after flight. They may relay clearances from ATC but don’t issue their own clearances.
They can provide preflight briefings, Wx, NOTAMS, Open/Close Flight Plans, Monitor Nav Aids, collect PIREPS, initiate search and rescue on missing VFR flight, and inflight Wx
What is EFAS and how would you contact it
Flight Watch is a service to provide en route A/C with timely and meaningful Wx and is available on 122.2
What is hypoxia
An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily function
How do you treat hyperventilation
Breath slowly into a paper bag or cupped hands to help increase CO2 levels in the blood
How do you overcome spatial disorientation
Scan, Read, and Follow your instruments. Use autopilot LVL function while you get your bearing or if flying with another pilot ask them to take control
What is absolute altitude
AGL it is the height above ground
What is true altitude
MSL the height above sea level
How can you determine pressure altitude
Set the alt. to 29.92 or take the current alt. setting and subtract it from 29.92 then multiply by 1000
What is indicated airspeed
airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator
What is true airspeed
Airspeed corrected for tem. and pressure alt.
