Operational Techniques Flashcards
Can the airplane be flown with frost and/or ice on the wings and tail?
No, ice and frost disturb the flow of air over the wing surface reducing performance by as much as 25%. Ice can also add a significant amount of weight to the A/C
How would frost affect the flight characteristics?
Frost does not change the aerodynamic shape of the wing but spoils the smooth flow of air causing an increase in drag and early airflow separation over the wing, resulting in loss of life
Do the FAR’s specifically prohibit the operation of an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner
Yes, 91.13 prohibits operating an A/C in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another
May an aircraft be operated after sunset without displaying position lights
No 91.209 specifies positions lights must be operational from sunset to sunrise
Is buzzing or intentionally flying in close proximity to the ground other than for takeoff or landing considered to be careless or reckless operation
Yes, if it violated 91.119 min. safe alt.
any alt. allowing an ER landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface in case of an engine failure
over congested areas of city, town, or settlement, or over an open air assembly of persona, an alt. of 1,000 above the highest obstacle within 2,000 feet of the A/C
Over other than congested areas an alt. of 500’ AGL except over open water or sparsely populate areas where you cannot operate closer than 500’ to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure
What does the operation of a rotating beacon during daylight hours at an airport in controlled airspace mean?
Wx is below VFR min. ceiling less than 1,000’ or <3 SM vis
What visual display is used to indicate an airport runway or taxiway is closed to traffic
an X
What is a segmented circle?
Visual indicator that provides traffic pattern information to pilots at airports without a control tower
How do you determine the traffic pattern at an airport
Chart supplement, Segmented circle, listen to CTAF
What colors are civil airport rotating beacon
Flashing white and green
What does an X at the end of a runway signify?
The runway is closed
What is the demonstrated crosswind velocity for your airplane?
17 KTS
What is ground effect?
area of reduced aerodynamic drag that an aircraft’s wings generate when they are close to a fixed surface
How does ground effect affect the airplane during takeoff and landing?
During takeoff you get enhanced lift giving the aircraft the ability to get off the ground before reaching safe takeoff speed which if not recognized could give the pilot an impression that the A/C is ready for takeoff and then stall the A/C or it can cause it to settle back down to the ground
During landing it can cause an A/C to float over the runway, typically when lending with an excess amount of speed
What is the most effective method of scanning for other aircraft during daylight hours?
Series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each movement shouldn’t exceed 10 degrees and should last at least 1 second
What is the most effective method of scanning for other aircraft during night hours?
Using peripheral vision by scanning small sectors and utilizing off-center viewing
Upon entering severe turbulence which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain
Straight and level flight
Why does P-factor cause the airplane to yaw left
Due to the AOA of the propeller. The prop takes a bigger bit of air on the right side producing more thrust from the right half of the prop thus trying to turn the airplane left
In what flight condition is torque effect the greatest in a single engine airplane
At low airspeed with high power settings
Which direction does the elevator move when forward or backward pressure is applied to the control wheel
Forward - Down
Backward - Up
How do ailerons move in a left or right turn
Left - Left up right down
Right - Right up left down
What is aileron yaw or adverse yaw
Tendency of an airplane to yaw in the opposite direction of the turn. Caused by the difference in lift and drag of each wing
How does the rudder move when using right or left rudder pressure
Left pedal - left deflection
Right pedal - right deflection
What is the purpose of trim tabs
Counteract the aerodynamic force on the control surface thus stabilise the aircraft in the axis of rotation associated with the primary control
What is the purpose of wing flaps
They increase the camber and in most cases the chord and surface area of the wing resulting in an increase in both lift and drag and a reduction of the stall speed enabling the pilot to make steeper descents without increasing speed, lower takeoff and landing speeds, and reduce the length of your takeoff and landing roll
How do flaps affect stall speed?
They reduce the stall speed
What should be the flap setting for a soft field takeoff
25
What should be the flap setting for a short field takeoff
25
How does wind affect takeoff and landing distance
tailwind will increase it and a headwind decreases it
How does aircraft angle of bank affect stalling speed
It increases the stall speed by a square root of your load factor
Stall speed increases
What conditions are necessary for an aircraft to enter a spin
Stalled and uncoordinated
What is the difference between a slip and a skid
Skid is where the rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank
A slip is when the angle of bank is too great for the rate of turn
When would you use a slip
Combat crosswind on landing to lose alt. without picking up unwanted airspeed on final. Stalling in a slip can lead to a spin ensure the AOA is low when close to the ground
When would you use a skid
Skids are more dangerous than a slip and are used in aerobatics and aerial combat
when are wingtip vortices created by an aircraft
Anytime the wings generate lift
When landing or departing behind heavy aircraft, what is the best technique to use in order to avoid wake turbulence
Taking off: Takeoff before the A/C point of rotation and stay above their climb path
Landing: Stay above their glide path and land beyond their touchdown point
What technique would you use when landing in gusty winds
Add half the gust factor to your final approach speed - use less flaps
What is the normal light A/C traffic pattern direction of turn and alt
Field eliv. plus 500
All turns to the left
What category is your airplane normal or utility
Normal
Are deviation from control tower instructions allowed in the case of an ER
Yes, to the extent necessary to meet the ER
Which A/C has the right of way when two or more A/C at different alt. but not on final approach, are approaching an airport for the purpose of landing
The A/C at the lowest alt
When A/C are approaching head on in which direction should each pilot alter course
To the right
Is an intentional maneuver that exceeds a bank of 60 degrees considered acrobatic
No, acrobatic flight is an intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an A/C attitude, abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration not necessary for normal flight
In an A/C is converging with a glider at approximately the same altitude, which has the right of way
The glider
What is the minimum safe alt. over congested areas?
1,000’ above highest obstacle within 2,000’ of A/C
What is the minimum safe alt. over other than congested area
500’ AGL except over open water or sparsely populated areas where it is no more than 500’ to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure
Assume there is no altimeter setting available at your airport, what setting would you use for local flight
Field elevation
Except when necessary for takeoff and landing what is considered a min. safe alt.
Any alt. which in case of a power failure would allow for an ER landing without undue hazard to persons or propery
When operating an A/C equipped with a 2way radio at an airport with a control tower, is the pilot required to maintain comms with the CT
Yes
May a pilot at an airport with a control tower taxi an A/C on a runway before receiving clearance from the appropriate agency
No
What are the basic VFR Wx min. outside controlled airspace at or below 1,200 AGL d
Day 1 Coc
Night 3, 152
What are appropriate altitude when operating an aircraft under VFR in level cruising flight at an alt of more than 3,000’ AGL on a magnetic course of 0-179 and 180-359
0-179 - 0dd + 500
180-356 - Even + 500
Is it mandatory that pilots keep seatbelts fastened while at the controls of an A/C
yes
If overtaking another A/C in which direction should the course be altered to pass well clear of the other aircraft
To the right
Which A/C has the right of way when one A/C is being overtaken by another
The A/C that is being overtaken
What are the fuel requirement for day VFR
To the first airport of intended use and 30 min after
What are the fuel requirement for night VFR
To the first airport of intended sue and 45 min after
