Oncology: Breast Cancer

Question 1

Classified as invasive when it penetrates the tissue surrounding, the mammary duct, and grows in an irregular pattern

Answer 1

Breast Cancer

Question 2

Precipitating factors

Family history, early menarche and late menopause, nulliparity, obesity, high fat diet

Age: >40yrs; alcohol/smoking, gender

Answer 2

Breast cancer

Question 3

Risk factors

A first degree male or female relative with breast CA

Presence of the BRCA2 gene

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

Hepatic schistosomiasis

Exposure to ionizing radiation

Prolonged heat exposure

Answer 3

Breast Cancer

Question 4

Clinical Manifestations

Painless lumps beneath the areola
Nipple discharge, retraction, crusting, or ulceration

Answer 4

Breast Cancer

Question 5

Assessment

Mass felt during BSE – upper outer quadrant

Nipple retraction or elevation

Asymmetry of the affected breast

Bloody or clear nipple discharge

Skin dimpling – peau d’orange skin
o peau d’orange skin – orange peel skin

Axillary lymphadenopathy

Lymphedema of affected arm

Presence of lesion on mammography

A poorly defined, firm lump that is non-tender and fixed to the skin is characteristic of breast cancer

Answer 5

Breast cancer

Question 6

A poorly defined, firm lump that is nontender and fixed to the skin is characteristic of _____________

Answer 6

Breast Cancer

Question 7

Being screening 10yrs earlier than the age at which the youngest family member developed breast cancer but not before 25yrs old

Answer 7

Mammography

Question 8

Breast cancer can be detected early if breast self-examination is done

Answer 8

Best performed after menses
Premenopausal 5-7 days
Postmenopausal once a month
Recommended to be performed in early 20s

Question 9

Intervention: Breast Cancer
Nonsurgical

Answer 9

Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Hormonal manipulation - nolvadex

Question 10

Intervention: Breast Cancer
Surgical

Answer 10

Lumpectomy
Simply Mastectomy
Modified Radical Mastectomy
Halsted Radical Mastectomy

Question 11

Surgical intervention: Breast cancer

Breast tissue and nipple are removed

Answer 11

Simple Mastectomy

Question 12

Surgical intervention: Breast cancer

Breast tissue, nipple, and lymph nodes are removed

Answer 12

Modified Radical Mastectomy

Question 13

Surgical intervention: Breast cancer

Breast tissue, nipple, lymph nodes, and underlying muscles are removed

Answer 13

Halsted Radical Mastectomy

Question 14

Mastectomy indications

Answer 14

The tumor involves the nipple- areola complex

The tumor is larger than 7 cm

The tumor exhibits extensive intraductal disease involving multiple quadrants of the breast

The woman cannot comply with radiation therapy

Question 15

Complications: Breast cancer

Answer 15

Lymphedema
Infection
Seroma
Hematoma
Cellulitis

Question 16

A pocket of clear, serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery

When small blood vessels are ruptured, blood plasma can seep out; inflammation caused by dying injured cells also contributes to the fluid

Answer 16

Seroma