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NCM 112 Lecture (Finals) > Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

An infection caused by bacteria

A

Bacterial infections

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2
Q

Affect a single area in the body, such as the sinuses, lungs, ears, or urinary tract

A

Bacterial infections

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3
Q

Signs and Symptoms: Bacterial Infections

A
  1. Fever, body malaise
  2. Signs of inflammation
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4
Q

Management: Bacterial Infections

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Hydration
  3. Rest
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5
Q

An infection of the meninges (the covering of the brain and spinal cord)

A

Bacterial meningitis

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6
Q

Triad symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis

A
  1. Meningism (nuchal rigidity)
  2. Photophobia
  3. Headache
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7
Q

Bacteria spread to the brain and spinal cord from an infection in another part of the body

A

Bacterial Meningitis

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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms: Bacterial Meningitis

A
  1. High fever, nausea, vomiting
  2. Confused or difficult to awaken
  3. (+) Brudzinski’s sign, (+) Kernig’s sign
  4. Opisthotonos
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9
Q

The appearance of involuntary lifting of the legs in meningeal irritation when lifting a patient’s head of the examining cough, with the patient lying supine

A

Brudzinski’s sign

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10
Q

When the legs is bent at the hip and knee 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)

A

Kernig’s sign

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11
Q

Spasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed backwards

A

Opisthotonos

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12
Q

Types of Meningitis

A
  1. Acute
  2. Subacute
  3. Chronic
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13
Q

Types of Meningitis

Almost always a bacterial infection

A

Acute Meningitis

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14
Q

Types of Meningitis

Bacterial and viral infection

A

Subacute Meningitis

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15
Q

Types of Meningitis

Caused by tuberculosis, syphilis, fungi (especially cryptococci) and carcinomatous meningitis

A

Chronic Meningitis

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16
Q

Management: Bacterial Meningitis

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Anticonvulsants
  3. Corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling and inflammation
  4. Sedatives for irritability or restlessness
  5. Droplet precaution
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17
Q

Hansen’s Disease

A

Leprosy

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18
Q

Chronic infectious disease usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves but has a wide range of possible clinical manifestations

19
Q

Causative agent: Leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

20
Q

Leprosy

8 years after signs and symptoms to appear

A

Lepromatous

21
Q

Types of Hansen’s Disease

A
  1. Paucibacillary Hansen’s Disease (Tuberculoid)
  2. Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease (Lepromatous)
22
Q

Types of Hansen’s Disease

Milder and characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules

A

Paucibacillary Hansen’s Disease (tuberculoid)

23
Q

Types of Hansen’s Disease

Associated with symmetric skin lesions, nodules, plaques, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa - resulting in nasal congestion and epistaxis

A

Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease (lepromatous)

24
Q

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy

Multibacillary Leprosy

A

Rifampicin 600mg once a month

Dapsone 100mg daily

Clofazimine 300mg one a month, 50mg daily

Duration: 12months

25
Q

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy

Paucibacillary Leprosy

A

Rifampicin 600mg once a month

Dapsone 100mg daily

Duration: 6months

26
Q

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy

Single Skin Lesion Paucibacillary Leprosy

A

Rifampicin 600mg
Ofloxacin 400mg
Minocycline 100mg

27
Q

An upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane (pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose

A

Diphtheria

28
Q

Causative agent: Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Anaerobic gram-positive bacterium

29
Q

Diagnostic testing for Diphtheria

A
  1. Isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from a clinical specimen
  2. Schick test
30
Q

A serious and often fatal disease caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the Clostridium tetani

31
Q

Neurotoxin of Tetanus

A

Tetanospasmin

32
Q

Tetanospasmin is produced by

A

Clostridium tetani

33
Q

Infection usually originates from a contaminated wound, often a cut or deep puncture wound

34
Q

The incubation period is 3 days to 15 weeks (with the average of 8 days)

35
Q

Most of the time, the further the wound is from the CNS, the longer the incubation period

36
Q

Signs and Symptoms: Tetanus

A

Trismus or muscle spasms in the jaw

Difficulty swallowing

General muscle stiffness in other parts of the body

37
Q

A highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning

A

Risus sardonicus

38
Q

Whooping cough

39
Q

Causative agent: Pertussis

A

Bordetella
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella parapertussis

40
Q

Easily transmitted from person to person, mainly through droplets

First symptoms generally appear 7-10 days after infection

41
Q

Treatment: Pertussis

A

Antibiotics
Pertussis vaccine

42
Q

Specific antibiotics for Pertussis

A
  1. Erythromycin
  2. Azithromycin
  3. Clarithromycin
43
Q

Complications of Pertussis

A
  1. Pneumonia (common complication)
  2. Seizures and Encephalopathy (rare)

NCM 112 Lecture (Finals) (16 decks)

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