Bacterial Infections

Question 1

An infection caused by bacteria

Answer 1

Bacterial infections

Question 2

Affect a single area in the body, such as the sinuses, lungs, ears, or urinary tract

Answer 2

Bacterial infections

Question 3

Signs and Symptoms: Bacterial Infections

Answer 3

1. Fever, body malaise
2. Signs of inflammation

Question 4

Management: Bacterial Infections

Answer 4

1. Antibiotics
2. Hydration
3. Rest

Question 5

An infection of the meninges (the covering of the brain and spinal cord)

Answer 5

Bacterial meningitis

Question 6

Triad symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 6

1. Meningism (nuchal rigidity)
2. Photophobia
3. Headache

Question 7

Bacteria spread to the brain and spinal cord from an infection in another part of the body

Answer 7

Bacterial Meningitis

Question 8

Signs and Symptoms: Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 8

1. High fever, nausea, vomiting
2. Confused or difficult to awaken
3. (+) Brudzinski’s sign, (+) Kernig’s sign
4. Opisthotonos

Question 9

The appearance of involuntary lifting of the legs in meningeal irritation when lifting a patient’s head of the examining cough, with the patient lying supine

Answer 9

Brudzinski’s sign

Question 10

When the legs is bent at the hip and knee 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)

Answer 10

Kernig’s sign

Question 11

Spasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed backwards

Answer 11

Opisthotonos

Question 12

Types of Meningitis

Answer 12

1. Acute
2. Subacute
3. Chronic

Question 13

Types of Meningitis

Almost always a bacterial infection

Answer 13

Acute Meningitis

Question 14

Types of Meningitis

Bacterial and viral infection

Answer 14

Subacute Meningitis

Question 15

Types of Meningitis

Caused by tuberculosis, syphilis, fungi (especially cryptococci) and carcinomatous meningitis

Answer 15

Chronic Meningitis

Question 16

Management: Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 16

1. Antibiotics
2. Anticonvulsants
3. Corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling and inflammation
4. Sedatives for irritability or restlessness
5. Droplet precaution

Question 17

Hansen’s Disease

Answer 17

Leprosy

Question 18

Chronic infectious disease usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves but has a wide range of possible clinical manifestations

Answer 18

Leprosy

Question 19

Causative agent: Leprosy

Answer 19

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 20

Leprosy

8 years after signs and symptoms to appear

Answer 20

Lepromatous

Question 21

Types of Hansen’s Disease

Answer 21

1. Paucibacillary Hansen’s Disease (Tuberculoid)
2. Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease (Lepromatous)

Question 22

Types of Hansen’s Disease

Milder and characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules

Answer 22

Paucibacillary Hansen’s Disease (tuberculoid)

Question 23

Types of Hansen’s Disease

Associated with symmetric skin lesions, nodules, plaques, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa - resulting in nasal congestion and epistaxis

Answer 23

Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease (lepromatous)

Question 24

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy

Multibacillary Leprosy

Answer 24

Rifampicin 600mg once a month

Dapsone 100mg daily

Clofazimine 300mg one a month, 50mg daily

Duration: 12months

Question 25

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy Paucibacillary Leprosy

Answer 25

Rifampicin 600mg once a month Dapsone 100mg daily Duration: 6months

Question 26

Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy Single Skin Lesion Paucibacillary Leprosy

Answer 26

Rifampicin 600mg Ofloxacin 400mg Minocycline 100mg

Question 27

An upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane (pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose

Answer 27

Diphtheria

Question 28

Causative agent: Diphtheria

Answer 28

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Anaerobic gram-positive bacterium

Question 29

Diagnostic testing for Diphtheria

Answer 29

1. Isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from a clinical specimen 2. Schick test

Question 30

A serious and often fatal disease caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the Clostridium tetani

Answer 30

Tetanus

Question 31

Neurotoxin of Tetanus

Answer 31

Tetanospasmin

Question 32

Tetanospasmin is produced by

Answer 32

Clostridium tetani

Question 33

Infection usually originates from a contaminated wound, often a cut or deep puncture wound

Answer 33

Tetanus

Question 34

The incubation period is 3 days to 15 weeks (with the average of 8 days)

Answer 34

Tetanus

Question 35

Most of the time, the further the wound is from the CNS, the longer the incubation period

Answer 35

Tetanus

Question 36

Signs and Symptoms: Tetanus

Answer 36

Trismus or muscle spasms in the jaw Difficulty swallowing General muscle stiffness in other parts of the body

Question 37

A highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning

Answer 37

Risus sardonicus

Question 38

Whooping cough

Answer 38

Pertussis

Question 39

Causative agent: Pertussis

Answer 39

Bordetella Bordetella pertussis Bordetella parapertussis

Question 40

Easily transmitted from person to person, mainly through droplets First symptoms generally appear 7-10 days after infection

Answer 40

Pertussis

Question 41

Treatment: Pertussis

Answer 41

Antibiotics Pertussis vaccine

Question 42

Specific antibiotics for Pertussis

Answer 42

1. Erythromycin 2. Azithromycin 3. Clarithromycin

Question 43

Complications of Pertussis

Answer 43

1. Pneumonia (common complication) 2. Seizures and Encephalopathy (rare)