Oncology Flashcards
large number of V, D, J and C segments can be transcribed and translated to millions of antigen receptors
DNA recombination
lymphocytesInvolved in the process of antigen recognition by normal B and T cells
Structurally similar: heterodimer proteins liked by disulfide bonds; composed of variable (V) and constant (C) regions
Genetically similar: consist of a large number of exons DNA recombination to functional receptor
Surface Immunoglobulin and T-cell Receptors
Gene rearrangements are normal events that occur in ________
lymphocytes
Light chain does NOT have ___ segment
D
To detect cell ‘clonality’
Uses consensus V and J segment primers (recognize shared DNA sequences)
Monoclonal population are detected by ____ _____ unique to the tumor
sharp bands
A family of apoptosis-regulating proteins (preventing apoptosis)
BCL 2
Cyclin D1
BCL 1
Originate in epithelial tissue, such as the cells lining the intestine, bronchi, or mammary ducts
Carcinomas
The tumor has arisen in mesenchymal tissue, such as bone muscle or connective tissue, or in nervous system tissue
Sarcomas
Spread throughout the bone marrow, lymphatic system, and peripheral blood
Hematopoietic and lymphoid malignant neoplasms, such as leukemia and lymphoma
______ mutation are needed for tumor formation
Multiple
______ affected organs (such as in breast cancer)
Bilaterally - hereditary cancer characteristics
A large nuclear phosphoprotein
Expression and phosphorylation is cell cycle dependent
Probably a DNA-binding transcription factor and also involved in DNA repair
The BRCA1 protein
Localized to chromosome arm 17q
120 different mutations have been identified
BRCA 1
gene include 23 exons, and a large exon 11 (100 kb) that contains 60% of the coding sequence
BRCA 1
Mutated in 45% of hereditary breast cancers and 90% of patients with breast/ovarian cancer
BRCA 1
Localized to chromosome arm 13q
Accounts for approximately 40-45% of early onset hereditary breast cancer
BRCA 2
A tumor-suppressor gene of 70 kb in size, containing 27 exons
required to prevent the breakdown of stalled replication forks
Disruption of this function leads to chromosomal rearrangements
May cause genomic instability and predisposition to cancer
BRCA 2
Mutation does not contribute significantly to risk for development of ovarian cancer
BRCA 2
185delAG
5382insC
BRCA 1 in the Ashkenazi Jewish Community
6174 del T
BRCA 2 in the Ashkenazi Jewish Community
MSI
microsatellite instability protein
MSI
KRAS
BRAF
Molecular CRC (colorectal) markers
____ ______ is the third most common non-skin cancer diagnosed in men and women in the US.
Colorectal cancer
PCR (paraffin works well)
MMR immunohistochemistry: MLH-1, MSH-2, MSH-6, PMS-2
Blood germline mutation analysis
Deleted affected family members
Detect affected pts with tumor MSI by:
KRAS mutations in 30-____ _____
40% CRCs
85-90% of all lung cancers are_____
NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer)
