old exam questions for nutrition final Flashcards
list 4 of of the 5 properties of water discussed in class
high specific heat
high enthalpy
high dielectric constant
high heat of vaporization
list the two main locations of water in the body of an animal
extracellular
intracellular
fatty acids have two ends, what are they
carboxylic acid– head -COOH
methyl end–tail–CH3
glucose is completely metabolized into 38 ATP. This process has three stages, what are they
glycolysis
TCA cycle
electron transport cycle
what is the relative proportion of ATP that is produced in the electron transport chain
60-70%
(greater than 60%)
list the substrates used to generate ATPs in the electron stage
NADH
FADH2
VFA: acetate
high proportion of VFA produced
highest contribution of heat increment
VFA: propionate
medium proportion of VFA produced
lowest contribution of heat increment
VFA: butyrate
lowest proportion of VFA produced
medium contribution of heat increment
relationship between ATP and phosphocreatine
ATP:
compound of body that traps energy and releases it when needed
high energy phosphate bond
Phosphocreatine:
in muscle with little ATP
high energy phosphate bond
used to replenish ATP
ATP made in muscle
new ATP made from phosphorus
acidic amino acid
aspartic acid
glutamic acid
sulfur-containing amino acid
cysteine
methionine
neutral amino acids
glycine
serine
basic amino acids
arginine
lysine
aromatic amino acids
tyrosine
phenylalanine
water released during post absorptive use of nutrients is known as
metabolic water
does decreasing the salt content of the diet by .3% compared to regular salt content does what to water intake
no change
does a drop in outdoor temp to 55 from 95 degrees increase or decrease water intake
decrease
a dairy cow that produced 70lb of milk per day compared to 50lb of milk has an increased or decreased need of water
increased
a non-pregnant animal compared to a pregnant animal has an increased or decreased water need
decreased
what facilitates greater digestibility of fats/fatty acids
shorter chain length
more double bonds
more bile salts
name the 3M’s and the 3D’s
Meat
Molasses
Meal (corn)
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Cyanocobalamin is another name for
vitamin B12
folic acid deficiency is mostly produced by simple dietary deficiency T/F
false
what vitamin is stable in acid rather than alkaline
vitamin C
pellegra (in man) or black tongue disease in dog is a deficiency symptom of
niacin
are vitamins organic or inorganic
organic
this group of anima requires a dietary source of folic acid
poultry
one of the functions of this mineral and vitamin E is similar to
selenium
define THFA
tetrahydrofolic acid: a version of folic acid that serves as a biological carrier of C1
the active ingredient in folic acid
intermediate in histidine metabolism
serves as a donor of methyl
choline
serves as a prosthetic group for a series of enxymes that incorporate CO2 into organic linkage
biotin
constituent of coenzyme A
pantothenic acid
tyrosine metabolism
vitamin C
antimetabolite of vitamin K
dicumarol
antivitamin of vitamin B1
pyrithiamine
hydroxylation of proline
vitamin C
animal protein factor
intrinsic factor
are B vitamins dietary essential for cows
no
once they develop a functioning rumen, the rumen can produce them
are B vitamins dietary essential for horses
yes
most activity occurs in the hindgut= too late to absorb
are B vitamins dietary essential for cats
yes
not much bacteria prior to large intestine, true carnivore
are B vitamins dietary essential for rabbits
no
rely on feces eating, wont really absorb unless they eat
what nature of the diet do you think could stimulate high volume of saliva production
dry matter feed
what is the importance of high volume of saliva production in ruminant animals
saliva acts as a lubricant and buffer allowing food to pass easier
keeps pH to stay in correct range
the 4 GI peptide hormones
gastrin
secreting
CCK
somatostatin
origin and function of gastrin
pyloric antrum of stomach/ abomasum
stimulate acid secretion by gastric glands
origin and function of secretin
duodenal mucosa
stimulate bicarbonate
origin and function of CCK
duodenal mucosa and brain
contract gallbladder and pancreas
inhibit gastric secretion
origin and function of somatostatin
duodenum
nerve cells of GI
inhibit gastrin, secretin, CCK, ion transport
enzyme for maltose, lactose, sucrose
maltase
lactase
sucrase
maltose is composed of
glucose
glucose
lactose is composed of
glucose
galactose
sucrose is composed of
glucose
fructose
types of digestion
fermentation
simple hydrolytic
animals that perform fermentation
cattle
sheep
animals that perform simple hydrolytic digestion
dog
pig
function of the esophageal groove
allows milk to go straight to abomasum
in what group do esophageal grooves found
young ruminants
class of nutrients
protein
lipids
water
vitamin
carbs
minerals
what are feed additives
Various nonnutritive substances added to a ration
to:
1.Stimulate growth or other types of performance.
2.Improvement of feed utilization or feed efficiency.
3.Improving the health of the animal.
what are mycotoxins
toxins that are produced by certain molds
T/F molds are anaerobic multicellular organisms
false; aerobic
T/F bacteria growth requires less available water vs. mold growth
false; more
T/F all molds produce mycotoxins
false
T/F FDA regulates the usage levels of allowable combinations of exogenous enzymes supplementation
false
T/F in general, most feed additives produce their response in young, rapidly growing animals
true
what kind of animals GI tract is this
dog
what animals GI tract is this
rabbit
what animals GI tract is this
sheep
what animals GI tract is this
pig
what animals GI tract is this
pony
what animals GI tract is this
kangaroo
what animals GI tract is this
rat
what animals GI tract is this
mink
what animals GI tract is this
dog
this calls of nutrients are all inorganic
minerals
on as is basis like fresh ground meat, water is the most abundant class of nutrient (in %) in the animals body T/F
True
as a plant matures, dry matter decreases T/F
false
the midgut consist of
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
gastric secretion consist of
HCl and pepsinogen
oxalacetate
TCA
succinate
TCA
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glycolysis
alpha-ketoglutarate
TCA
phosphoenol pyruvate
glycolysis
1,3 biphosphoglycerate
glycolysis
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
glycolysis
citric acid
TCA
malate
TCA
pyruvate
glycolysis
aldolase
glycolysis
enolase
glycolysis
citrate synthase
TCA
glucokinase
glycolysis
succinate dehydrogenase
TCA
triose phosphate isomerase
glycolysis
succinyl CoA synthase
TCA
the fundamental difference between feces and excreta
excreta has uric acid
newer cells are produced in the _____ at the base of the villus and as these cells mature, they migrate to the top. During migrations these cells differentiate into goblet cells. What do goblet cells produce?
crypt
mucin
