EXAM 4: Fat soluble Vitamins Flashcards
why is vitamins the most difficult nutrient to define
very diverse functions and structure
organic substance required by animals in small amounts for normal metabolism
vitamin
Are vitamins synthesized within the body tissue at a rate adequate for normal metabolism
no
are vitamins organic or inorganic
organic
general facts about vitamins
component of natural food but distinct from CHO, fat, protein
present in small amounts
essential for development of normal tissue, good health, growth, maintenance
primarily required as _____ in nutrient metabolism
coenzymes
what did lunin find
diet of same composition of milk would not support the life in mice
Fat soluble vitamins
A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (alpha-tocopherol)
K (1,2,3)
water-soluble vitamins
B1(thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
B6 (pyriodxine)
B12 (cobalamine)
Pantothenic Acid
Niacin
Choline
Biotin
Folic acid
Vitamin C
without vitamins would the process glycolysis, krebs etc take place
no
funk coined the term _______
vitamine
after the amine fraction of rice hulls which prevented polyneuritis in birds
who isolated fat soluble substance from cod liver known as vitamin A
osborne
mendel
compounds that give rise to the vitamins
provitamins
compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner
antivitamins
Inadequate supply that results in clinical signs/symptoms
deficiency
dietary level sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms
growth is normal under ideal conditions
minimal supply
Meet all the needs for optimal growth and performance
optimal supply
meets all the metabolic needs under stressful conditions
specialized supply
causes of vitamin deficiency
inadequate level in the diet
problems with absorption
inability to synthesize sufficient quantities by the animal, therefore must be obtained from the diet
what is premix
can be mineral, vitamin, or both
contains all the animal needs in one mix
organic molecule required in the diet
vitamin
non-protien (inorganic ions) molecule required for enzyme function
cofactor
cofactor that is an organic molecule
coenzyme
A cofactor that is associated with an enzyme covalently or very tightly (essentially permanent)
prosthetic group
why are vitamin units used
used because different sources have different biological activities
formula for vitamin A
C20H30O
vitamin A is active as
alcohol
aldehyde
acetate
palmitate
acid
Retinoic acid (vitamin A) will not fulfuill requirements for______ and_______
visual purple
reproduction
most popular synthetic form of vitamin A
Vitmain A palmitate
vitamin A only occurs in _________
animals
form of vitamin A in plants
carotenoids
highest value of vitamin A is found in the ______
liver
What two things improve the absorption of vitamin A
bile salts
dietary fat
what two examples are high in vitamin A
fish liver oils
colostrum
functions of vitamin A
role in the visual purple cycle
maintenance of normal epithelium, bone, repro
nervous symptoms
blindness
normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure
normal epithelium is __________, if deficient in vitamin A its ________
columnar
squamous
how does vitamin A cause total blindness
pinch of optic nerve
vitamin A deficiency does what to cerebrospinal fluid pressure
increase
Vitamin A deficiency does what to reproduction
causes temporary sterility (it is reversible)
animals deficient in vitamin A have
reduced appetite
night blindness
xerophthalmia
runny eyes of cattle and sheep
tear glands dry in chickens
increased keratinization of the skin
testicular degeneration in males (reversible)
increased keratinization of skin leads to
increased respiratory problems
vaginal and repro tract problems
hypervitaminosis A
skin thickening
bone development problems
prolonged prothrombin (blood clotting) time
increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure
resorption of fetus
lowered plasma cholesterol in chicks
dry condition of eye and ulcerations
xerophthalmia
white fat species
sheep
rats
pigs
goats
carotene not absorbed into bloodstream
converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall
white fat
yellow fat species
cows
horses
carotene in plasma
carotene in feed is converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall
plasma may be stored in liver and fatty tissue
yellow fat
storage site of vitamin A is the ___________, about _______% is found there
liver
70-93
liver stores act as a ______ against subsequent dietary inadequacies
buffer
which vitamin A isomer has the highest biopotency %
all-trans (100)
which vitamin A isomer has the lowest biopotency %
11,13-di-cis (15)
which form of alpha/beta/gamma carotene and cyrptoxanthin is higher biopotency
all trans or mono-cis?
all-trans
what species has the highest beta-carotene
horse
what species has the lowest beta-carotene
rat
source of vitamin A
fish oil
egg yolk
liver
milk fat
source of carotenes
high in green leafy plants
________ and ______ of sun cause losses up to 80%
rain damage
oxidation
highest percent of preserved for feeding was it what
wilted silage
dehydrated hay
McCollum discovered that after destroying vitamin A content of cod liver oil by oxidation, it still possessed ability to cure_______
rickets
other diseases associated with vitamin D
lupus
daytime sleepiness
depression
type 2 diabetes
hypervitaminosis of vitamin D
hypercalcemia
calcium deposits in soft tissue, artery wall
rich sources of vitamin D
egg yolks
liver
fish oils
legumes
leafy alfalfa
are vitamin D2 and D3 effective for mammals
yes
vitamin D3 is ______________ than D2 for chicks
more effective
_________ cured rickets long before vitamin D was discovered
ultraviolet light exposure
vitamin D deficiency in dairy cattle
milk fever which causes :
low Ca and P
lack of appetite
coma
struggle to stand
vitamin D deficiency in chicks
thin shells on eggs
decreased hatchability
decreased egg production
body has the ability to store vitamin D in the _______ but not as great as vitamin A
liver
vitamin D deficiency
rickets
osteomalacia
pigeon breast
softening of bones in the chest, bowing of chest
pigeon-breast
vitamin D is thought of as a ____________
hormone
the active form of vitamin D is made by ______ and then travels to other organs like ____________
kidney
bone and intestine
______is required for normal calcification and varied with ________
vitamin D
amount of Ca and P
Ratio of Ca/P
due to Vitamin D’s role in calcification, the highest requirements are for what
young and lactating animals
swine and poultry
wide Ca and P ratios
two hormones involved with vitamin D
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
lowers blood Ca levels
puts calcium back into the bone
calcitonin
raises blood Ca
take Ca out of bone
parathyroid hormone
main function of vitmain D
promotion of Ca and P absorption
synthesis of Ca-binding protein
increase permeability of mucosal cells to Ca and P
when predominant provitamin reacts with sunlight on skin what forms
active cholecalciferol
sure coined the name of
vitamin E
what general idea did mattill and evans state
vitamins are needed as an essential dietary factor
characteristics of vitamin E
fat-soluble
nonsaponifiable
heat stable
_________is the easiest vitamin to oxidize
vitamin E
most common form of vitamin E
alpha-tocopherol
functions of vitamin E
natural antioxidant (saves vitamin A)
essential for reproduction is rat, pig, and poultry
what happens to females that are vitamin E deficient
death
resorption of fetuses
what happens to males that are vitamin E deficient
degenerative changes in testes
irreversible sterility
many problems associated with _______________ on vitamin E deficient diets
muscular dystrophy
what specific muscular dystrophy problems arise due to vitamin E deficient
stiff lamb disease is sheep
white muscle disease in calves
muscle weakness, paralysis
creatine excretion increases
heart damage in dairy cows
what disease occurs when chickens/turkeys are vitamin E deficient
nutritional encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
exudative diathesis
gizzard erosion (turkey)
Hemorrhagic disease of chicks prevented by vitamin E
exudative diathesis
what functions closely related to selenium
vitamin E
antioxidant properties of vitamin E
protects certain dietary constituents from oxidative destruction, such as carotene in intestine
in body, tissues prevents the formation of peroxides from the unsaturated fatty acid
tocopherols
the alpha form most active
tocopherols resistant to heat but easily oxidized
rancid fats easily destroyed
storage of vitamin E
body has capacity to store in the liver
rats fed a diet deficient in vitamin E showed signs of what
emaciated
rough hair
paralyzed hind legs
henrik dam of Denmark found what with chicks
chicks kept on ether extracted diet became anemic and developed subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages
what vitamin is concerned with blood coagulation
K
in 1939, vitamin K1 was isolated from _____
plants
K2 is isolated from _______
fishmeal
The synthetic form and most active form of vitamin K
menadione
sources of vitamin K
green, leafy material fresh or dry
liver, egg, fishmeal good animal sources
function of vitamin K
formation of prothrombin and other plasma proteins in the liver needed for blood coagulation
deficiency of vitamin K
extension of blood coagulation time
dicoumarol (rats bleed to death)
what vitamin does ruminants synthesize in the rumen and intestines in adequate amounts
vitamin K
_________and ___________ and other antibiotics aggravate borderline deficiency situations by increasing prothrombin time more
arsenicals
terramycin
Attempts to study vitamin K status are plagued by
coprophagy (feces eating)
Absorption in large intestines may be limited due to nature of
epithelial lining
practical problem occurring due to antagonism between dicoumarol( occurs in spoiled sweet clover) and vitamin K
hemorrhagic sweet clover disease
dicumarol does what to blood prothrombin by causing the liver to to discharge excess vitamin K
decreases
biological activity test measures decrease in _____________ on K deficient diets in chicks
clotting time
problems or deficiencies associated with vitamin K
slower clot time
hemorrhagic sweet clover disease
another name for Vitamin D
antirachitic factor
another term for vitamin E
tocopherols
another term for D2
ergosterol
another term for D3
cholecalciferol
