EXAM 4: Water soluble Vitamins Flashcards
most of these are cofactors in cellular energy metabolism
B-complex vitamins
general B-complex deficiency
loss of appetite
poor growth
emaciation
nerve-related disorders
dermatitis
anemia
name for vitamin B1
thiamine
B1 deficiency recognized by the chines in 2600 BC
beriberi
principle role of thiamine
part of coenzyme cocarboxylase (thiamin pyrophospate or TPP)
related to lipoic acid
TPP is the coenzyme for at least ___ enzyme systems
24
lipoic acid is an essential component of _________ system which is involved in __________ of keto acids
multienzymes
oxidative decarboxylation
pyruvic acid must be __________ then combined with coenzyme A to form _______________
decarboxylated
acetyl CoA
In the absence of thiamine, the process of of pyruvic acid turning into acetyl CoA does not proceed at a normal rate causing
pyruvic acid and lactic acid to accumulate in the blood and tissue
these are responsible for deficiency symptoms in metabolically active tissues like muscle and nerve
pyruvate+ coenzyme A+ NAD —pyruvic dehydrogenase–>
acetyl CoA
NADH
CO2
alpha ketoglutarate+Coenzyme A+ NAD–alpha keto dehyfrogenase–>
succinyl CoA
NADH
CO2
deficiency symptoms of thiamine
beriberi in man (wet or dry)
polyneuritis in birds
soft muscles
bradycardia
anorexia
stoppage gait
opisthotonos in sheep
polyneuritis in birds prepresents final stages of B1 deficiency and is a result of
accumulation of intermediates of CHO metabolism
a peripheral nerve degenertion
characterized as extensive damage to the nervous and cardio systems
beriberi
dry beriberi
severe muscle wasting
wet beriberi
edema
when you think of beriberi and polyneuritis what vitamin do you think about
thiamine (B1)
principle factors influencing B1 requirements are
carb intake
caloric intake
B1 deficiency in North America is seen in association with
chronic alcoholism
thiamine is readily destroyed by __ in the presence of ___
heat
moisture
thiamine is absorbed in the ______ carried to the ______ and phosphorylated to form __________
small intestine
liver
TTP
is thiamine stored?
no, therefore daily intake is essential
pigs are the exception
thiamine is metabolic essential for ___________. However the development of a ________________ bacterial synthesis of B1 is adequate
ruminants
functional rumen
bacterial synthesis in the cecum and large intestine have been demonstrated in what animal
horse
antivitamins of B1
pyrithiamin
thiaminase
pyrithiamin competed with _______ for incorporation into enzyme thus rendering the enzyme _______
thiamine
inactive
what causes chastek paralysis in foxes or bracken fern poisoning in horses
antagonistic action of thiaminase
sources of B1 (thiamine)
plants
yeast
molds
do pigs or cows have higher thiamine amounts
pigs
common name for B2
riboflavin
function of riboflavin
as 2 coenzymes in a large number of enzyme systems
FAD( 2 phosphate)
FMN (1phosphate)
FMN stands for
flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5 phosphate) (1 phosphate group)
FAD stands for
flavin adenine dinucleotide (2 phosphate groups)
flavin coenzymes are concerned with accepting and donating __________
H atoms
FAD functions with enzyme _________
succinic dehydrogenase
FAD is a constituent of what other enzymes
D-amino acid oxidase
glycine oxidase
xanthine oxidase
deficiency symptoms of riboflavin
decreased growth
alopecia
opaque cornea/cataracts
curled toe paralysis in chicks
low egg production/hatachability
skin and eye problems
what specific skin/eye problems are caused by riboflavin deficiency
cheilosis (inflammation and cracking of mouth area)
dermatitis
corneal vascularization
roughened skin and furrows around mouth
cheilosis
due to overactivity of sebaceous or oil glands
waxy around eyes, ear lobs, and mouth
dermatitis
due to increased blood vessels in the eye
corneal vascularization
how is riboflavin metabolized
phosphorylated in intestinal wall
carried by blood to cells of tissue where it occurs as
-phosphate
-flavoprotein
how are excessive intakes of riboflavin excreted
urine
is a ruminants synthesis of riboflavin adequate? horse?
ruminant= yes
horse=no
richest natural source of riboflavin
yeast
milk and leafy portions of plants are also good sources
eggs, liver, heart, kidney
how does riboflavin deficiency effect skin/hair
uneven,ragged fur
alopecia
disintegration of sebaceous gland cells/atrophy of epithelium
cleft palate
common name for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
pyridoxine was first defined by Gyorgy as part of the vitamin b complex responsible for the cure of ________
dermatitis (acrodynia)
two other forms of pyridoxine
pyridoxal phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate
most active form of pyridoxine
pyridoxal phosphate
after absorption of pyridoxial, forms are phosphorylated where
in the liver
vitamin B6 mainly functions as ___________.In this form, it serves as a coenzyme in several enzyme systems concerned in _______________ metabolism
pyridoxal phosphate
protein/amino
Pyridoxine is necessary for the process of
transamination (process provides for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids)
pyridoxal phosphate is involved in _________ reactions, where it serves as a coenzyme which ____________ several amino acids.
**these are more abundant in microorganisms than animal tissues
decarboxylation
decarboxylates
B6 is involved in the synthesis of _______ from tyrptophan
niacin
in the absence of vitamin B6, instead of niacin being formed, the abnormal product ____________________ is formed and excreted in the _________
xanthurenic acid
urine
the level of xanthurenic acid in the urine has been used as am indicator of B6 in what animal
pig
vitamin B6 influences ____________and _____________ of amino acids
intestinal transport
tissue uptake
Intestinal absorption of amino acids is diminished in a vitamin B6 deficiency and is stimulated on the administration of ________________
pyridoxal phosphate
the level of xanthurenic acid in the urine has been used as an indicator of B6 in what animal
pig
antivitamins of Pyridoxine
desoxypyridoxine
isoniazid (used to treat tuberculosis)
deficiency of Pyridoxine
growth failure
dermatitis (acrodynia) in rats
urinary calculi in cattle
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
conclusions/epileptic seizures
suppressed appetite
Dermatitis of tails and ears, mouth, and paws accompanied by an edema
acrodynia
due to a defect in glycine metabolism
in cattle
urinary calculi
microcytic, hypochromic anemia results from
deficiency of Pyridoxine
sources of Pyridoxine
yeast
liver
muscle meat
milk
Nicotinamide is also called
niacin
in 1730 spain, ________ was recognized early
pellegra
goldberger and wheeler produced ________in dogs by feeding them a diet known to produce pellegra in humans
black tongue
3M’s and 3D’s
1)Meat
2) molasses
3) meal (corn)
1) dermatitis
2) diarrhea
3) dementia
warburg recognized the _________acid was a component of two coenzymes NAD and _______
nicotinic
NADP
elvehjem prevented black tongue in dogs by feeding _______
nicotinic acid
Niacin are resistant to heat, air, light and _________. Stable in
alkali
foods
man, dog, rat and pig metabolism of niacin leads to excretion of ________
methylated compounds
ruminants excrete nicotinic acid and ___________ unchanged
nicotinamide
poultry conjugate 2 molecules of ________ with ornithine
nicotinamide
in aminal tissues niacin is present as the ________ and _______ is to present in the tissues
pyridine nucleotides
free niacin
nicotinamide functions as a component of two coenzymes:
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
NAD and NADP function in biological oxidation-reduction systems via their ability to serve as _____________ agents
hydrogen transfer
____ is specifc for hydrogenases concerned in the __________. In this cycle ________ serves as the electron accept in 3 of the 4 dehydrogenation steps
NAD
hydrogenases
NAD
deficiency of niacin causes
black tounge in dogs
pellegra in man
casal’s necklace
specific symptoms of black tongue in dogs
black colorization of the tongue
loss of appeite
diffuse inflammation of gums
tissues are necrotic and eroded
bloody diarrhea
GI mucosa becomes inflamed
specific symptoms of pellegra in man
dermatitis particularly of skin exposed to light
nausea
inflammation of mucous membranes characterized by red tongue
physic changes including delirium and hallucinations
term for the earliest observations with peasants
reddened area around the neck where the sunlight hits
casal’s necklace
where does adequate synthesis of niacin occur
rumen
only for young claves on a ____________ deficient diet has niacin deficiency been produced readily in ruminants
tryptophan
what specific amino acid responsible in the antipellagric diet was
tryptophan
corn is not only low in tryptophan but the niacin in corn is in a bound form ______________ to rats, pig, and poultry without ______ treatment
unavalible
alkali
sources of niacin
widespread in feeds
animal and fish byproducts
DDG
yeast
alfalfa
DeVries determine that __________ acid was a constituent of coenzyme A
pantothenic
Lipmann reported that the coenzyme responsible for the active ________ of various metabolic processes contained ___________acid
acetylation
pantothenic
Coenzyme A constains
pantothenic acid
adenosine 3 phospate
pyrophosphate
beta-mercaptoethylamine
pantothenic acids exist in the tissues as
free pantothenic acid
coenzyme A referred to as bound form
pantothenyl phosphate
pantotheine phosphate
functions of pantothenic acid
various acetylations
fatty acid,steroid , heme prophryin synthesis
acetylation of choline
general deficiency of pantothenic acid
nervous disorder
dermatitis (poultry)
graying of black hair
Metabolic deficiency of pantothenic acid
reduced pyruvate utilization
decreased cholesterol synthesis
altered energy conservation and CHO utilization
reduced antibody production
nerve involvment
antimetabolites of pantothenic acid
pantoyltaurine
methylpantothenic acid
sources of pantothenic acid
syntesized by green plants and some microbes
yeast, liver, eggs, alfalfa, molasses
is pantothenic acid required by all species
yes
practical diet deficiency is rare
Folic acid is also called
folacin
animals born to riboflavin deficiency mother often experience a ______
cleft palate
Willis in India observed __________ anemia in pregnant women whose diets consisted of white rice and bread. This anemia responded to _______ supplementation.
megaloblastic
dietary yeast
mitchell isolated a compound from spinach and named it _________
folic acid
although folic acid is designated as the vitamin, it is ________ acid which serves as the biological carrier for ____
tetrahydrofolic
C1
functions of folic acid
transfer of one carbon unit
furnishes methyl groups for the formation of purines (DNA synthesis)
histidine degradation
compound found in large amounts in the urine of folic acid deficient animals
formiminoglutamic acid
antimetabolites of folic acid
folic acid deficiency is seldom produced by simple dietary deficiencies its due to intestinal synthesis
sulfa drugs will produce folic acid where they compete with paraminobenxoic acid (PABA)
to produce deficiency you have to add an antagonist
deficiency symptoms of folic acid
pernicious anemia (Addisons anemia)
sprue
slow growth and poor feathering in chicks
sore mouth
raw tongue
diarrhea/frothy fatty feces
sprue
folic acid is effective in preventing the ____________ of pregnancy, infancy, and sprue. These are due to the failure of DNA synthesis
megaloblastic
usually due to decreased absorption of vitamin b12 because of the lack of intrinsic factor
can also be a deficiency of folic acid
pernicious anemia
in the case of man, ___________ is the complete therapy for the pernicious anemia, due to the stimulation of __________
folic acid
reticulocytes
while folic acid is effective in treating the anemia of pernicious anemia, it will not prevent the _________symptoms of pernicious anemia; only ______is effective for that
nervous
B12
sources of folic acid
green, leafy material
organ meat
animal by-products
intestinal synthesis of folic acid is generally adequate except for what animal
poultry
after work with chicks this was found to be present in cow manure, fish meal, fish solubles, liver, meat scraps
Animal Protein Factor
_________is essential for growth and could replace the APF in diets in certain conditions
vitamin b12
the only primary source of B12 in nature is from ______
microbes
can animals or plants make B12
NO
sources of B12
meats
eggs
cheese
milk
(ANIMAL ORIGIN)
the B12 is produced by __________________ in the GI tract of nonruminants is not absorbed and is only available by ___________
microbial synthesis
coprophagy (feces eating)
functions of B12
coenzyme
propionic metabolism rearrangment from methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
conversion of homocysteine to methionine
protein and purine synthesis
deficiency of B12
pernicious anemia IN MAN
pernicious anemia in man that results from a B12 deficiency is due to the failure of absorption of the vitamin at the _______________ level
gut tissue
pernicious anemia doesn’t normally result from poor ingestion of B12 but due to insufficient secretion of an ________ by _________ cells
intrinsic factor
gastric mucosal
pale smooth tongue with inflammation is a sign of
pernicious anemia
pernicious anemia does not occur in ________ deficient animals
B12
pernicious anemia in man is caused by
dietary deprivation of B12
impaired absorption
total gastrectomy
B12 deficiency in rats and pigs is marked by
slow growth
nervousness
irritability
in sheep and cattle, B12 is a __________ essential and dietary requirement until ________ functionality occurs
metabolic
rumen
B12 deficiency can be arrested by feeding _______ orally but not by injection
cobalt
THFA interconversion involved
glycine and serine
homocysteine and methionine
Boas described ________ injury syndrome. Characterised by dermatitis, loss of hair, and muscular incoordination
egg white
crystalline growth factor from dried egg yolk was termed
biotin
chemical formula of biotin
C10H16O3N2S
what can substitute for biotin in the nutrition of most biotin requiring species
oxybiotin
biotin usually occurs in the bound form, one form is ______
biocytin
a mammalian enzyme will cleave this bound form (biocytic) into equimolar amount of _______ and ______
biotin
lysine
functions of biotin
prosthetic group for enzymes
fatty acid synthesis
propionate metabolism (especially ruminants)
deficiency of biotin
dermatitis
alopecia
spectacled eye factor
problems in normal hoof growth
Dermatitis caused by biotin deficiency is due to
overactivity of sebaceous glands
loss of hair, especially around the eyes initially has been referred to as
spectacled eye factor
deficiency symptoms of biotin has been produced in several species by feeding ______ or use of _____ free diets plus a sulfa drug to prevent intestinal synthesis
raw egg whites
biotin
antagonists of biotin
avidin (protien in egg white)
biotin is synthesized by _______ in substantial quantities
intestinal microflora
biotin deficiency has been produced in ___,____,____ on a synthetic diet
poultry
monkey
calves
sources of biotin
yeast
organ meat
seeds of plants
molasses
is rumen synthesis of biotin enough for sheep and cattle
YES
why does choline not really qualify as a vitamin
its a structural component of fat and nerve tissue
not known to participate in any enzyme system
chemical formula of choline
C5H14NO+
the protective effect of feeding raw pancreas could duplicate by feeding ______ to dogs. It was soon noticed the effective compound was _________
lecithin
choline
functions of choline
part of acetylcholine (nerve transmission)
donor of methyl groups
constituent of lecithin an sphingomyelin
STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
lecithin an sphingomyelin is found in abundance in the
myelin sheaths of nerves
lecithin promotes mobilization of ____ from liver
fat
deficiency of choline
perosis
fatty liver
hemorrhagic kidney
slipped tendon in chicks
also a deficiency of Mn, glycin or arginine
perosis
mobilization of fat from liver is somehow impaired and abnormal accumulations occur
fatty liver
fats are routinely mobilized from the liver as lipoproteins containing
free fatty acids
fatty acids esterified to glycerol
fatty acids esterified to cholesterol
choline-containing phospholipids
any material capable of contributing methyl groups for choline synthesis has the property of being _______
lipotropic
capable of preventing or correcting fatty livers or choline deficiency
lipotropic
hemorrhagic kidney is an example where a deficiency of ________ early in life may result in inadequate phospholipid necessary to build the cell structure of ______or their blood vessels
choline
kidneys
source of choline
all naturally occurring fats contain some choline, thus all feeds which have a source of fat supply choline
the dietary level of ______ will influence the choline needed
methionine
phosphatidyl serine+ S-adenosylemthionine–B6–>
lecithin
ascorbic acid is also known as
vitamin C
_______was described by hippocrates
it was apparent on long sea voyages
scurvy
oxidation of vitamin C
more stable in acid than alkaline medium
readily destroyed by cooking
its an antioxidant to prevent darkening
two forms of vitamin C
ascorbic acid
dehydroascorbic acid
functions of vitamin C
hydroxylation of proline
tyrosine metabolism
antihistamine properties
hydroxyproline is a constituent of ______which is required for maintenance of intracellular materia
collagen
collagen turnover is old animals is low or high
low
if vitamin C deficient, the collagen molecule lacks the _____and _______ which are provided by the hydroxyl group
strength
rigidity
A condition that can develop where ascorbic acid oxidase increase to remove excess ascorbate
then when the megadoses are discontinued the enzyme still metabolizes at high rate creating a deficiency
rebound scurvy
vitamin C is a dietary essential only for
man
monkey
indian fruit bat
primates
guinea pig
certain fish (carp,rainbow trout, catfish, salmon)
general symptoms of vitamin C deficency/scurvy
swollen, bleeding gums
losing teeth
weak bones
fragility of capillaries
wounds fail to heal
osteoblast dont produce normal osteoid
failure of dentine and enamel
rupture of capillaries
organic matrix of bone
young bone that hasnt undergone calcification
osteoid
if normal osteoid isnt produced, what does it lead to
normal ossification doesnt occur
bones are fragile
bone marrow can hemorrhage
conversion of fibrous tissue or cartilage into bone
ossification
factors that affect vitamin stability
time
heat
moisture
oxygen
prooxidants (metals)
pH
light
what vitamins use biological assay
D, K, folic acid, B12
what vitamins use microbiological assay
niacin, folic acid, B12
name for B2
riboflavin
name for B6
PYRIDOXINE
Name fore B12
cobalamin
importance of tryptophan
aromatic/essential amino acid
lease in quantity but most important (limiting amino acid)
intrinsic factor is associated with what vitamin
B12
functions of pyridoxine
coenzyme with protein/amino acid metabolism
transamination
decarboxylation
synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
influence uptake of AA’s
