Exam 3: Minerals Flashcards
Minerals are ________ elements that are required for the maintenance of good health and production
INORGANIC
examples of macro minerals
Ca
P
Mg
Na
Cl
K
S
examples of micro minerals
Fe
Mn
Cu
I
Zn
Cr
Co
Se
what minerals are not normally supplemented in diets because levels in feed ingredients are sufficient
Mg and S
what minerals are considered electrolytes
Na
Cl
K
Are minerals the only class of nutrients that are inorganic, yes or no
yes
functions of mineral elements
structure
cofactors for enzymes
constituents of essential components in body
constituents of body fluids
structural mineral element examples
teeth and bone
charge on metal ions can aid enzymes
cofactors
examples of constituents of essential components in body
IRON in hemoglobin
IODINE in thyroxine
COBALT in vitamin B12
SULFUR in methionine and biotin
MOLYBDENUM in xanthin oxidase
difference between coenzyme and prosthetic group
coenzyme: non-permanent relationship, organic non-protein compound
prosthetic group: permanent relationship of enzyme and nonprotein organic compound (vitamin)
examples of constituents of body fluids (blood, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid)
transmission of nerve impulses
maintain normal blood pH by acting as buffers
maintain osmotic pressure
all animals are subjected to mineral deficiencies which may be caused by
suboptimal amount of feed
imbalance of another mineral which decreases the absorption
any condition which increases the rate of passage of elements through the gut or body (diarrhea)
a metabolic antagonist which causes the animal to require more dietary mineral to overcome
Excretion routes vary (list possible routes)
almost entirely feces
some urine (electrolytes)
some both routes
some lost in sweat (like Na)
Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss
Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss. What are some examples where blood is lost
wound
disease
menstrual cycles
many minerals are involved in the process called
chelation
A chelating agent binds to a mineral to varying degrees and general has the effect of isolating the mineral from interactions with other compounds
mineral attaches to poison/metal and drags it out of the body
chelation
nutritional significance of chelation
may bind trace elements in the diet and release them at sites where they’re needed
prevents other interactions during digestion
medical functions of chelation
remove certain isotopes or poisons from body to have them excreted
example: viruses/bacteria, lead toxicity
natural chelators
Hemoglobin to iron
vitamin b12 to Cobalt
synthetic chelators
EDTA
other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have
acts as a anticoagulant bu sequestering ca++ ions for clotting
other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have
acts as an anticoagulant by sequestering ca++ ions for clotting
in many respects _____________ are integrated in metabolism-compose over _______% of body minerals; are quantitatively the 2 most important
calcium and phosphorus
70%
adequate Ca and P nutrition depends on 3 factors
a sufficient supply of Ca and P
the suitable ratio between the two, 1:1 or 2:1
presence of vitamin D
Increase in vitamin D causes an increase in
utilization of Ca and P
___% of Ca and ___% of P are in bones and teeth (structural components)
99%
80%
Ca is necessary for _______________ mechanism along with vitamin D and K
blood clotting
what do Ca and P form that is extremely hard and difficult to solubilize
hydroxy apatite crystals
Ca++ interacts with other minerals to control and regulate
muscles and nerve reactions
Ca++ deficiency can lead to
tetany or continuous contraction
excess Ca++ can impair _______ function so that cardiac or respiratory _____ may result
muscle
failure
Calcium is an osmoregulator meaning
it helps regulate osmotic pressure of cellular fluids in the body
calcium helps maintain ___________ of the body fluids
acid-base equilibirum
pancreatic lipase, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase are examples of
enzyme activators of calcium
calcium absorption occurs primarily in
proximal portion of the gut (upper section of midgut)
calcium absorption depends on
its solubility at point of contact with absorbing membranes
factors that help/contribute to Ca++ absorption
acid conditions help keep Ca in the solution
adequate vitamin D
low phytic acid
low oxalic acid
low P levels
estrogen
age
high phytic acid, does what to absorption
decreases
excess P or Ca levels can do what to absorption
decrease
Increase age does what to absorption
decrease
estrogen does what to absorption and storage of calcium
increase
route for undigested and unabsorbed Ca and P as well as endogenous Ca and P
Feces
is apparent digestibility useful for determining the usefulness of dietary Ca and P sources
NO
a decrease in serum calcium causes what
increase in parathyroid hormone
release Ca++ from bone
increase in serum calcium causes what
increase in calcitonin
decrease blood Ca
when serum Ca decreases the parathyroid (PTA)does what
Bones: increase osteoclast
Kidney: increase Ca in urine reabsorption
Intestine (midgut): increase rate of Ca absorption from diet (upregulate expression of callbridin)
types of bones cells
osteoclast
osteoblast
calcium deficiency leads to
reduced growth, especially in bone
hyper irritability
tetany
poor repro performance
rickets (young animals)
beading of ribs is caused by
calcium or phosphorus deficiency
rickets vs osteomalacia
Rickets: young animals; bones dont calcify properly, bones are weak and can fracture
Osteomalacia: adult bone; softening of bone due to decrease in mineral content
weakness, fractures, deformity
possible causes of osteomalacia
excess PTH
low blood Ca or P
pregnancy or lactation
______and ______ are most likely to be deficient in Ca++ due to their rapid growth and diets, lack exposure to sun (vitamin D)
pigs and poultry
grains and protein concentrates are lower in ____ that roughages
Ca
______% of ___ is in bone and is associated with Ca
80%
Phorphorus
most of P is found in
RBC
inorganic P is found in
plasma
_______ play an important role in maintaining phosphorus balance
kidneys
functions of phosphorus
bone formation
enzyme or coenzyme
phosphorylation
electron and H transfers
constituent of ATP
constituent of nucleoproteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids
Active absorption of P primarily occurs in
distal duodenum
what form is phosphorus mainly absorbed
as free phosphate
conditions favoring the absorption of P
presence of potassium
normal levels of Ca, Fe,Mg, and some trace minerals
vitamin D
acid medium
low phytic acid
Phosphorus deficiency leads to
decreased growth
decreased bone growth
rickets or osteomalacia
pica
occurs in grazing animals
fragile bones
lameness
low fertility
chewing on bones or wood
pica
(aka depraved appetite)
animals weakened by _____ deficiency may contract diseases and infection easier
P
interaction of Ca, P, and Vitamin D to rickets
In young confined calves and suckling animals, the problem is usually due to a lack of vitamin D
Poultry and swine: Ca or vitamin D
due to P deficiency in ruminants
____ is probably the most important mineral in ruminants (except salt) especially in pregnant animals
Phosphorus
Magnesium is the _____ most important
third
sources of magnesium
grasses: alfalfa, animal protein suppl, MgO (40%) and grains (low in Mg)
half of body Mg in bone, found in cells (liver, skeletal muscle)
most blood Mg in RBC
functions of magnesium
bone
oxidative phosphorylation
enzyme activator
co-factor in phosphate transfer
chelates with phytate to form insoluble Mg-phytate salt
helps decrease nerve irritability
How is magnesium absorbed
passively mostly from ileum
Deficiency in magnesium can cause
-hyper irritability
-muscular twitching
-weak/crooked legs
-tetany (grass tetany)
-mitochondrial swelling
-reduced enzyme activity
-calcification and necrosis of the kidney
-death
-low blood Mg
-vasodilation
decrease acetylecholine
drop in blood pressure
stop heart in diastole
interferes with Ca and P
magnesium toxicity can cause
about ____% of magnesium supply is in the skeleton
70
the remaining 30% of magnesium is distributed in
body fluids and tissues
about ___ of the skeletal Mg an be mobilized to the _____ in case of reduced dietary supply
1/3
blood
where is magnesium absorbed
small intestine (ileum)
rumen of ruminants
high NH3 levels may do what to absorption
decrease it
high N in blood does what to urinary Mg excretion
increase
high K does what to absorption
decrease
a common occurrence in cows and ewes turned on lush pasture in spring
grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)
grass tetany is characterized by
low Mg in blood
nervousness
loss of appetite
trembling
conculstions
coma
death
stepping syndrome, unthriftiness, and conclusive seizure are possible symptoms of
magnesium deficiency
the body contains about _______ % of sulfur
1.5
most sulfur is bound _______ in protien in the sulfur-containing amino acids
organically
wool is around ___% sulfur
4
of the total sulfur in blood most is present in
free amino acids (cys and met)
the plasma proteins
of the total sulfur in blood, a small amount is present as the inorganic ________ion
sulfate
of the total sulfur in blood, another portion is present in various organic compounds like
insulin
glutathione
insulin
hormone regulating blood sugar
glutathione
reducing agent in metabolism
what vitamins is S present in
thiamine and biotin
from the sulfur present in the body, it can be seen that sulfur nutrition is primarily a matter of _____________ nutrition
amino acid
sulfur is normally absorbed in the organic form as the amino acids ________ and ___________
cysteine
methionine
Absorption of sulfur mainly takes place in
small intestine
sulfur is excreted in
feces and urine
What sulfur is in urine
inorganic
ethereal sulfur
neutral sulfur
What sulfur is in feces
organic
do we supplement rations with sulfur, yes or no
generally no
in using NPN (like urea) in ruminants, additional sulfur may prove beneficial for
microbial synthesis of S containing amino acids
do we have to consider S when feeding natural protein to ruminants, yes or no
NO
sodium, potassium, and chlorine occur primarily in
body fluids
soft tissues
main functions of electrolytes
maintain osmotic pressure
acid-base balance in the blood
water metabolism
is it normally a problem to have an insufficient amount of electrolytes
no
Electrolyte deficiency will cause
lack of appetite
weight loss and production
physiological/pathological
are Na,K, and Cl stored
no they’re absorbed and excreted as needed
body has ____% of Na, mostly in body ______
0.2
fluids
Na is a primary cation of
extracellular fluid
Where is Na commonly found
93% of blood serum
in muscles for contractions/nerve potentia
where is Na absorbed
rapidly absorbed from small intestine
small amount from stomach
how is Na excreted
mainly via kidneys
via skin by sweating
functions of Na
regulate osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
muscle contraction
sodium deficiency causes
decreased feed consumption
poor growth/production
emaciation or wasting away
how much Na does an animal need in the diet
0.1-0.2%
plants are routinley ___ in Na, so its common to supplement animal diets with salt
low
the body contains __% of potassium
0.2
K primarily occurs where in the body
intracellular fluid
K is absorbed in the
small intestine
how is K excreted
kidneys
sweat
functions of K
osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
muscle contraction
enzyme cofactor (main difference from Na)
Deficiency of K can cause
reduced growth
heart lesions
tubular degeneration of kidneys
muscular aches and weakness (pregnancy)
what food are good sources of K
banana
orange
how much Cl is in the body
0.1%
where is Cl located in the body
inside and outside the cells
functions of Cl
osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
initiates hydrolysis and lowers pH of stomach
activates proteolytic enzyme pepsinogen
where is Cl absorbed
small intestine
How is Cl excreted
kidney
Toxicity of high salt intakes are ____ if adequate ___ is available. However this capacity can be exceeded and excess __________________ results
low
water
water retention/edema
The requirements of electrolytes are considered together as
milliequivalents
Na is the main ____cation
extracellular
K is the main __________cation
intracellular
Cl is an _______
anion
deficiency symptoms of Cl include
diarrhea
vomiting
alkalosis
roles of Ca and P in the body
Structure
Regulation
what regulation roles do Ca and P participate in
blood clotting
neuromuscular activity
enzyme activator
osmoregulator
acid-base equilibrium
is blood calcium readily influenced by diet intake
NO
blood calcium is under ________________ to maintain at constant levels despite fluctuations
strict hormonal control
examples of effects of changes in serum calcium include
milk fever
parturient paresis
Blood calcium is low not due to low dietary intake but because of ___________ on Ca with onset _________ and the _______ response
excessive drain
lactation
parathyroid
how is magnesium excreted
urine
the main source of Na and Cl is
sodium chloride
identify
Phytic acid
identify
phytic acid
identify
phytate
identify
phytate
identify
cysteine
identify
methionine
