Exam 3: micro minerals Flashcards
examples of micro minerals
Fe
Cu
I
Zn
Co
Mn
70% of iron is found in the form of
hemoglobin
when is iron absorbed
only when body becomes deficient
main route of iron excretion
urine
factors influencing iron absorption
acid condition
adequate dietary protein
histidine and lysine
bodys need for iron
low phytic levels
functions of iron
cellular respiration
Fe-porphyrin nucleus,heme
signs of anemia in pig
listlessness
wrinkled skin
paleness
low hemoglobin
iron deficiency is called
anemia
if RBCs are not renewed as rapidly as they’re destroyed OR an increase in cells required to enlarge the blood supply with growth doesn’t occur, _________ results
anemia
causes of anemia
pathological
hemorrhagic blood loss
hereditary
nutritional
normocytic
normal RBC size
macrocytic
larger than normal RBC size
microcytic
smaller than normal RBC size
normochromic
normal hemoglobin
hypochromic
subnormal hemoglobin
hyperchromic
above normal hemoglobin
RBC can be normal size and normal concentrations of hemoglobin can occur. Normocytic, normochromic anemia
hemorrhage
available supply of Fe is deficient relative to needs.
produces hypochromic, microcytic
iron deficiency anemia
suckling pig kept on concrete liver will suffice for how long
3 weeks
early work at Wisconsin by Hart showed
he was able to prevent with Cu the anemia that pure FE would not cure
functions of copper
hemoglobic synthesis
RBC maturation
enzyme activity
activates/inactivates certain enzymes
normal disulfide linkage in wool
normal bone formation
develop myelin sheath
enzyme that copper activates
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
enzyme that copper inactivates
amylase
enzyme which converts the amino acid tyrosine to melanin which in turn is responsible for skin pigmentation
tyrosinase
In the absence of Cu, there is a failure of the deposition of
bone in the cartilage matrix
excretion route of Cu
feces
(mostly unabsorbed)
Copper deficiency can cause
wasting disease
enzootic ataxia (sway back disease)
falling disease in cattle
nutritional anemia (microcytic hypochromic)
gray of black hair and wool
alopecia
characterized by diarrhea, loss of appetite, anemia
wasting disease
occurs in newborn lambs
associated with low copper of dam during pregnancy
nervousness, swaying, staggering, abnormal gait
enzootic ataxia (sway back disease)
ataxia means
swaying
like enzootic ataxia
falling and sudden death
falling disease in cattle
represents the failure of melanin formation
gray of black hair and wool
sole function of cobalt
constituent of vitamin b12
(can also serve as enzyme cofactor)
cobalt deficiency symptoms
listless
loss of appetite and weight
weak
anemic
degeneration of fat of the liver
deposit of hemosiderin in spleen
what type of anemia is cobalt anemia
normocytic
normochromic
extremely hard pellets of cobalt compound
slow release of cobalt
last several months
cobalt bullet
about 60% of iodine of the body is found in the
thyroid gland
the primary function of the thyroid gland
produce thyroxine hormone which regulates metabolic rate of body
Thyroxine, a derivative of _________, contains 65% of iodine
amino acid tyrosine
how can thyroxine be synthesized in the body
diet contains tyrosine or its precursor phenylalanine
aromatic amino acids
phenylalanine
tyrosine
thyroxine
removal of thyroid early in life causes
stunted growth
removal of thyroid in adults causes
mental and physical sluggishness
premature aging
functions of iodine
constituent of thyroxine
stimulates body processes by administering thyroxine and iodine containing compounds
hypothyroid condition
low thyroxine secretion
low metabolic rate
tired condition
“downers”
hyperthyroid condition
high thyroxine
high metabolic rate
hyperactive
certain compounds as thiourea and thiouracid suppress the glands actions and metabolic process which can promote
increase fat deposition
iodine deficiency causes
goiter
What are the two types of goiter
endemic goiter (simple)
exophthalmic goiter (graves disease)
caused by a lack of iodine
developed during increased needs like pregnancy or puberty
endemic goiter (simple goiter)
caused by the hyperactive thyroid gland
autoimmune
exophthalmic goiter
(graves disease)
in farm animals, if a pregnant female is iodine deficient
goiter is usually evident in the offspring
foal are an exception
pigs that are iodine deficient when born have what symptoms
hairless
bloated, thick skin
puffy necks
offspring born with goiter are usually
weak and usually die
born stillborn
highest concentrations of this mineral occur in the bones, liver, kidney, pancreas, and pituitary glands
manganese
function of manganese
sexual maturation
enzyme cofactor
component of arginase
essential for normal repro
normal bone/muscle formation
______of surviving offspring of Mn deficient mothers is common in rats, chickens, and pigs
ataxia
when Mn was added to chick rations decreased the presence
perosis or “slipped tendons”
abnormality the hock joints become swollen and the achilles tendon slip from its condyles
perosis or “slipped tendons”
absorption of manganese
poorly absorbed
how is manganese excreted
mainly in feces
increase in Ca/P does what to Mn absorption
decrease
Mn interfers with ___________metabolism
fatty acid
female pig deficient in Mn showed what symptoms
reduced skeletal growth
irregular estrus cycles
fetal reabsorption or weak piglets
poor udder development
little milk
zinc is mainly present in the
epidermal tissue like skin, hair and wool
under normal conditions all zinc in the erythrocytes can be accounted for as a constituent of
carbonic anhydrase
absorption of zinc
poorly absorbed
mainly in duodenum
how is zinc excreted
mainly in feces
small amount in bile and urine
zinc deficiency
dermatitis (parakeratosis in swine)
keratosis
slow growth
short/thick bones
alopecia
zinc deficiency in chicks
slow growth
shortened/thick bones
lower hatch
poor feathering
zinc deficiency in dairy cattle
swollen rough skin
alopecia
slow growth
a keratinizing of skin
soft pliable skin goes to hard callous skin
keratosis
specific skin lesion
slow growth
low feed utilization
alopecia
aggravated by excessive dietary Ca levels
dermatitis
early work on _____ was concerned with its toxic effects on grazing animals
selenium
selenium was the toxic factor in the forage which causes
alkali disease or blind staggers
examples of states where is selenium in excess
utah
north/south dakota
colorado
Examples of states where is selenium in excess
utah
north/south dakota
colorado
a disease that is a result of low selenium
in calves and lambs
white muscle disease
what mineral is regulated by the FDA
selenium
what is similar to glutathione peroxidase in action
vitamin E
selenium deficiencies
increase mortality in newborn lambs and calves
white muscle disease
exudative diathesis in chicks
liver necrosis in rats
selenium is a component of the enzyme
glutathione peroxidase
eliminates peroxides which oxidize other components thus causing damage
protects from peroxides in the cytoplasm
glutathione peroxidase
absorption of selenium
readily absorbed
proximal duodenum
selenium is transported in the ______to all of the body
plasma
where is selenium stored
liver and kidneys
how is selenium excreted
urine>feces>expired air
animals containing high concentrations of selenium also lose some
hair
hooves
selenium toxicity causes
hair loss
hoofs slough off
lameness
decrease food intake
alkali disease
molybdenum is distributed throughout the body, with the concentration varying among different _______
tissues
what other mineral than selenium is known for its toxic effects to grazing animals of certain areas
molybdenum
The essentiality of molybdenum is ascribed to its cofactor role for
xanthine oxidase
aldehyde oxidase
what metabolism is xanthine oxidase essential for
purine
molybdenum can serve as a possible nutritional role in the growth of lambs through the possible stimulatory effects on
rumen microbes
molybdenum is necessary in the _________ system to convert _____ to __________in plants
nitrate reductase
nitrates
nitrites
if nitrate reductase does not occur we can get______________ from plants causing molybdenum to function indirectly
nitrate toxicity from plants
how is molybdenum absorbed
readily absorbed
small intestine
how is molybdenum primarily excreted
kidneys
how does excessive sulfate affect molybdenum
reduces molybdenum absorbability
molybdenum toxicity causes
teartness (severe scouring)
what group of animals is not affected by teartness
horses
tolerance of molybdenum is affected by
the chemical form of molybdenum
copper status/intake
level of intake of other metals
increase in solubility does what to absorption
increase
too much fluorine does what to bones
makes them brittle
the unique dual role of fluorine
cause of widespread fluorine intoxication
preventative factor
high F levels in water can
mottle (white chalky spots) teeth enamel
teeth become yellow to black
Fluorine toxicity is a problem in livestock production when
ingestion of water F is high
Ingestion of rations supplemented with mineral phosphates are high in F
ingestion of forage contaminated with F fumes
fluorine toxicity causes
excessive accumulation of F
bones lose color, become thickened and soft
bone breaking strength decreases
bony outgrowth
total ash of bone decreases
increased dental problems
reduced growth/lactation/repro
factors that influence incidence and severity of fluorine toxicity
form ingested (NaF is more toxic)
type of species
length of F feeding
absorption of F
in small intestine as NaF
Other trace elements that are important but are discussed include
boron
nickel
silicon
aluminum
chromium
