Exam 3: micro minerals Flashcards

1
Q

examples of micro minerals

A

Fe
Cu
I
Zn
Co
Mn

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2
Q

70% of iron is found in the form of

A

hemoglobin

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3
Q

when is iron absorbed

A

only when body becomes deficient

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4
Q

main route of iron excretion

A

urine

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5
Q

factors influencing iron absorption

A

acid condition
adequate dietary protein
histidine and lysine
bodys need for iron
low phytic levels

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6
Q

functions of iron

A

cellular respiration
Fe-porphyrin nucleus,heme

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7
Q

signs of anemia in pig

A

listlessness
wrinkled skin
paleness
low hemoglobin

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8
Q

iron deficiency is called

A

anemia

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9
Q

if RBCs are not renewed as rapidly as they’re destroyed OR an increase in cells required to enlarge the blood supply with growth doesn’t occur, _________ results

A

anemia

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10
Q

causes of anemia

A

pathological
hemorrhagic blood loss
hereditary
nutritional

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11
Q

normocytic

A

normal RBC size

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12
Q

macrocytic

A

larger than normal RBC size

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13
Q

microcytic

A

smaller than normal RBC size

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14
Q

normochromic

A

normal hemoglobin

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15
Q

hypochromic

A

subnormal hemoglobin

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16
Q

hyperchromic

A

above normal hemoglobin

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17
Q

RBC can be normal size and normal concentrations of hemoglobin can occur. Normocytic, normochromic anemia

A

hemorrhage

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18
Q

available supply of Fe is deficient relative to needs.

produces hypochromic, microcytic

A

iron deficiency anemia

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19
Q

suckling pig kept on concrete liver will suffice for how long

A

3 weeks

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20
Q

early work at Wisconsin by Hart showed

A

he was able to prevent with Cu the anemia that pure FE would not cure

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21
Q

functions of copper

A

hemoglobic synthesis
RBC maturation
enzyme activity
activates/inactivates certain enzymes
normal disulfide linkage in wool
normal bone formation
develop myelin sheath

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22
Q

enzyme that copper activates

A

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

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23
Q

enzyme that copper inactivates

A

amylase

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24
Q

enzyme which converts the amino acid tyrosine to melanin which in turn is responsible for skin pigmentation

A

tyrosinase

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25
Q

In the absence of Cu, there is a failure of the deposition of

A

bone in the cartilage matrix

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26
Q

excretion route of Cu

A

feces
(mostly unabsorbed)

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27
Q

Copper deficiency can cause

A

wasting disease
enzootic ataxia (sway back disease)
falling disease in cattle
nutritional anemia (microcytic hypochromic)
gray of black hair and wool
alopecia

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28
Q

characterized by diarrhea, loss of appetite, anemia

A

wasting disease

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29
Q

occurs in newborn lambs
associated with low copper of dam during pregnancy
nervousness, swaying, staggering, abnormal gait

A

enzootic ataxia (sway back disease)

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30
Q

ataxia means

A

swaying

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31
Q

like enzootic ataxia
falling and sudden death

A

falling disease in cattle

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32
Q

represents the failure of melanin formation

A

gray of black hair and wool

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33
Q

sole function of cobalt

A

constituent of vitamin b12

(can also serve as enzyme cofactor)

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34
Q

cobalt deficiency symptoms

A

listless
loss of appetite and weight
weak
anemic
degeneration of fat of the liver
deposit of hemosiderin in spleen

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35
Q

what type of anemia is cobalt anemia

A

normocytic
normochromic

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36
Q

extremely hard pellets of cobalt compound
slow release of cobalt
last several months

A

cobalt bullet

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37
Q

about 60% of iodine of the body is found in the

A

thyroid gland

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38
Q

the primary function of the thyroid gland

A

produce thyroxine hormone which regulates metabolic rate of body

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39
Q

Thyroxine, a derivative of _________, contains 65% of iodine

A

amino acid tyrosine

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40
Q

how can thyroxine be synthesized in the body

A

diet contains tyrosine or its precursor phenylalanine

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41
Q

aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
thyroxine

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42
Q

removal of thyroid early in life causes

A

stunted growth

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43
Q

removal of thyroid in adults causes

A

mental and physical sluggishness
premature aging

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44
Q

functions of iodine

A

constituent of thyroxine
stimulates body processes by administering thyroxine and iodine containing compounds

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45
Q

hypothyroid condition

A

low thyroxine secretion
low metabolic rate
tired condition
“downers”

46
Q

hyperthyroid condition

A

high thyroxine
high metabolic rate
hyperactive

47
Q

certain compounds as thiourea and thiouracid suppress the glands actions and metabolic process which can promote

A

increase fat deposition

48
Q

iodine deficiency causes

A

goiter

49
Q

What are the two types of goiter

A

endemic goiter (simple)
exophthalmic goiter (graves disease)

50
Q

caused by a lack of iodine
developed during increased needs like pregnancy or puberty

A

endemic goiter (simple goiter)

51
Q

caused by the hyperactive thyroid gland
autoimmune

A

exophthalmic goiter
(graves disease)

52
Q

in farm animals, if a pregnant female is iodine deficient

A

goiter is usually evident in the offspring
foal are an exception

53
Q

pigs that are iodine deficient when born have what symptoms

A

hairless
bloated, thick skin
puffy necks

54
Q

offspring born with goiter are usually

A

weak and usually die
born stillborn

55
Q

highest concentrations of this mineral occur in the bones, liver, kidney, pancreas, and pituitary glands

A

manganese

56
Q

function of manganese

A

sexual maturation
enzyme cofactor
component of arginase
essential for normal repro
normal bone/muscle formation

57
Q

______of surviving offspring of Mn deficient mothers is common in rats, chickens, and pigs

A

ataxia

58
Q

when Mn was added to chick rations decreased the presence

A

perosis or “slipped tendons”

59
Q

abnormality the hock joints become swollen and the achilles tendon slip from its condyles

A

perosis or “slipped tendons”

60
Q

absorption of manganese

A

poorly absorbed

61
Q

how is manganese excreted

A

mainly in feces

62
Q

increase in Ca/P does what to Mn absorption

A

decrease

63
Q

Mn interfers with ___________metabolism

A

fatty acid

64
Q

female pig deficient in Mn showed what symptoms

A

reduced skeletal growth
irregular estrus cycles
fetal reabsorption or weak piglets
poor udder development
little milk

65
Q

zinc is mainly present in the

A

epidermal tissue like skin, hair and wool

66
Q

under normal conditions all zinc in the erythrocytes can be accounted for as a constituent of

A

carbonic anhydrase

67
Q

absorption of zinc

A

poorly absorbed
mainly in duodenum

68
Q

how is zinc excreted

A

mainly in feces
small amount in bile and urine

69
Q

zinc deficiency

A

dermatitis (parakeratosis in swine)
keratosis
slow growth
short/thick bones
alopecia

70
Q

zinc deficiency in chicks

A

slow growth
shortened/thick bones
lower hatch
poor feathering

71
Q

zinc deficiency in dairy cattle

A

swollen rough skin
alopecia
slow growth

72
Q

a keratinizing of skin
soft pliable skin goes to hard callous skin

A

keratosis

73
Q

specific skin lesion
slow growth
low feed utilization
alopecia
aggravated by excessive dietary Ca levels

A

dermatitis

74
Q

early work on _____ was concerned with its toxic effects on grazing animals

A

selenium

75
Q

selenium was the toxic factor in the forage which causes

A

alkali disease or blind staggers

76
Q

examples of states where is selenium in excess

A

utah
north/south dakota
colorado

77
Q

Examples of states where is selenium in excess

A

utah
north/south dakota
colorado

78
Q

a disease that is a result of low selenium
in calves and lambs

A

white muscle disease

79
Q

what mineral is regulated by the FDA

A

selenium

80
Q

what is similar to glutathione peroxidase in action

A

vitamin E

81
Q

selenium deficiencies

A

increase mortality in newborn lambs and calves
white muscle disease
exudative diathesis in chicks
liver necrosis in rats

82
Q

selenium is a component of the enzyme

A

glutathione peroxidase

83
Q

eliminates peroxides which oxidize other components thus causing damage
protects from peroxides in the cytoplasm

A

glutathione peroxidase

84
Q

absorption of selenium

A

readily absorbed
proximal duodenum

85
Q

selenium is transported in the ______to all of the body

A

plasma

86
Q

where is selenium stored

A

liver and kidneys

87
Q

how is selenium excreted

A

urine>feces>expired air

88
Q

animals containing high concentrations of selenium also lose some

A

hair
hooves

89
Q

selenium toxicity causes

A

hair loss
hoofs slough off
lameness
decrease food intake
alkali disease

90
Q

molybdenum is distributed throughout the body, with the concentration varying among different _______

A

tissues

91
Q

what other mineral than selenium is known for its toxic effects to grazing animals of certain areas

A

molybdenum

92
Q

The essentiality of molybdenum is ascribed to its cofactor role for

A

xanthine oxidase
aldehyde oxidase

93
Q

what metabolism is xanthine oxidase essential for

A

purine

94
Q

molybdenum can serve as a possible nutritional role in the growth of lambs through the possible stimulatory effects on

A

rumen microbes

95
Q

molybdenum is necessary in the _________ system to convert _____ to __________in plants

A

nitrate reductase
nitrates
nitrites

96
Q

if nitrate reductase does not occur we can get______________ from plants causing molybdenum to function indirectly

A

nitrate toxicity from plants

97
Q

how is molybdenum absorbed

A

readily absorbed
small intestine

98
Q

how is molybdenum primarily excreted

A

kidneys

99
Q

how does excessive sulfate affect molybdenum

A

reduces molybdenum absorbability

100
Q

molybdenum toxicity causes

A

teartness (severe scouring)

101
Q

what group of animals is not affected by teartness

A

horses

102
Q

tolerance of molybdenum is affected by

A

the chemical form of molybdenum
copper status/intake
level of intake of other metals

103
Q

increase in solubility does what to absorption

A

increase

104
Q

too much fluorine does what to bones

A

makes them brittle

105
Q

the unique dual role of fluorine

A

cause of widespread fluorine intoxication
preventative factor

106
Q

high F levels in water can

A

mottle (white chalky spots) teeth enamel
teeth become yellow to black

107
Q

Fluorine toxicity is a problem in livestock production when

A

ingestion of water F is high
Ingestion of rations supplemented with mineral phosphates are high in F
ingestion of forage contaminated with F fumes

108
Q

fluorine toxicity causes

A

excessive accumulation of F
bones lose color, become thickened and soft
bone breaking strength decreases
bony outgrowth
total ash of bone decreases
increased dental problems
reduced growth/lactation/repro

109
Q

factors that influence incidence and severity of fluorine toxicity

A

form ingested (NaF is more toxic)
type of species
length of F feeding

110
Q

absorption of F

A

in small intestine as NaF

111
Q

Other trace elements that are important but are discussed include

A

boron
nickel
silicon
aluminum
chromium