Old Exam Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
Motility
Responsiveness
Motility
The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of which of the following?
70s and 80s subunits
50s and 30s subunits
50s and 40s subunits
60s and 40s subunits
60s and 30s subunits
50s and 30s subunits
Which of the following is identified as a Gram-negative rod?
Plasmodium malaria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholera
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis
Which of the following is a unique characteristics of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
Cause human disease
Lack a nucleus
Cannot be seen without a microscope
Contain genetic material
Lack cell structure
Lack cell structure
What occurs during assembly of an enveloped virus
A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane
Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms
Bacteria are larger than viruses
Bacteria are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms
Eukaryotic microorganisms are smaller than viruses
Archaea are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms but smaller than bacteria
Bacteria are larger than viruses
Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the —— for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria
Gram stain
Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called
Prokaryotes
Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source is an example of
Responsiveness
True or false: a new microorganism was found to have a single-stranded RNA as the genetic material. It is likely this microorganism is a single-cell eukaryote
False
True or false: endospores are a reproductive structure
False
True or false: a simple stain should give you the shape and arrangement of a bacteria
True
Microorganisms are not just human pathogens. Provide two ways that specific organisms are beneficial to humans.
You should include the organism (or type of organism) and the role it plays.
Microbes are something that play a large role into human life on Earth. Not only would humans die without them, but so would all things on Earth. Microbes help the world to stay green, crops to stay alive, and without microbes there could even be a large mass die out of fish and other seafood. Microbes are also something that prevent the human population from dying because microbes help to create a sense of homeostasis in the world. Microbes also play a large role into global pandemics like COVID which is caused by a virus or a microbe. Global pandemics are not necessarily good things but, can help to maintain homeostasis.
Viruses are also beneficial to humans. Yes, viruses can be harmful but around 8-10% of every humans DNA is made up of viruses which goes to show that viruses play a role in human life. Viruses can be the cause of global pandemics like COVID or the flu, but can also be something used to help find treatments for certain illnesses.
You find what you think is a new organism in water. You perform an experiment and determine the organism has chlorophyll. You remember your BI 245 professor said that bacteria or plants could have chlorophyll. Describe three traits that you would look for to determine if the organism was a prokaryote or eukaryote. Be sure to explain your rationale.
There are many characteristics that can help someone distinguish between a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Eukaryotes have a nucleus with DNA inside of it and are membrane bound. However, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, have DNA but are free floating. This is a major difference because having a nucleus or not can be a huge, or even easy way to distinguish between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes are cells that are typically large where prokaryotes are small. Prokaryotes are also typically unicellular but can be multicellular, while eukaryotes are typically multicellular but can be unicellular. Another difference is where both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have cell walls only the eukaryotic cell has a cell membrane.
Matching
RNA
Site of hormone and lipid synthesis
Studded with protein-synthesizing particles
Site of protein synthesis
Contains the DNA
Transports, modifies, and packages proteins for delivery to targeted destinations
RNA - generally single-stranded nulceic acid
Site of hormone and lipid synthesis - Smooth ER
Ribosome - site of protein synthesis
Rough ER - studded with protein-synthesizing particles
Nucleus - contains DNA
Golgi - transports, modifies, and packages proteins for delivery to targeted destinations
Aerobic respiration is an example of ———
Chemoheterotrophy
Human pathogens fall into the group termed ———
Mesophiles
Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37°C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50°C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C, very slight growth out on the bench top, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species?
Psychrophile
The term autotrophs refers to an organism that ———
Using CO2 for its Carbon source
The term obligate refers to ———
Existing in a very narrow niche
The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that
Gets energy from sunlight
Anabolic reactions may be characterized as
Forming large molecules from smaller molecules
Fermentation ———
Require an organic electron acceptor
Please read the clinical scenario:
The hospital infectious disease team is involved with the study of a healthcare-associated infection that has spread to 10% of inpatients. The infected patients are exhibiting symptoms of severe abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The RN on the infectious disease team provides education to staff regarding the pattern of bacterial growth and methods of infection control.
Then, answer the question below, as well as the following two questions
part a:
The period of growth between inoculation and when the cells adjust to their environment and begin growth at their maximum rate is called the _______.
Lag phase
The most rapid increase in bacterial growth accursed during which of the following stages?
Exponential growth phase
What is a characteristic of the death phase of bacterial growth
The cells are not reproducing
The ——— is all of the genetic material of a cell
Genome
During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a ——— for synthesis of new DNA strands
Template
The non transcribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the ———
Promoter
Most bacteria reproduce by?
Binary fission
During elongation, a charged tRNA first enters the ribosomal ________ site and then moves into the ________ site.
A, P
Why is Macconkey agar both a selective and differential media? Complete answers will define selective media, differential media, and the reason it is both.
Selective media is something that in the scenario of our lab is either looking for growth on gram-negative OR or gram-positive bacteria. The MacConkey agar is looking selective for growth showing a gram-negative bacteria. Differential is meaning that the agar is looking for a difference between something. In this scenario MacConkey is looking for either lactose fermenting or non-lactose fermenting bacteria. Since MacConkey is looking for one or the other this means that it is differentiating between two things. Given this MacConkey is testing selectively for growth of gram-negative bacteria, and differentiating if it is lactose fermenting or non-lactose fermenting.
In the figure, the antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome as shown (the light gray area is the large subunit, while the black shape is the drug). Explain how chloramphenicol might work as an antibiotic. Be specific about how the antibiotic is working (which step of which process, etc).
From this information it can be concluded that it can prevent translation from occurring between the ribosome units by inhibiting protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic often used to treat infections. Not only could chloramphenicol inhibit change in the ribosome, but can inhibit the process of peptidyl transfer, which in turn blocks the formation polypeptides. This can slow down the replication process and prevent termination from occurring.
Antimicrobial agents that damage nucleic acids also affects
Protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides ———
Attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the
floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn’t immediately wash her hands,
and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario,
please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here.
Fomite
Because SARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) ——— infection
Zoonotic
Biofilms infections are harder to treat than the same free-living organisms because ———
When part of a biofilm community, the bacterial cells express different genus thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility
Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body’s microbiota often cause ———
Superinfections
By law, certain ——— diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels
Reportable
During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s.
Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.
Incidence
Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ———
Mutation
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include ———
Low toxicity for human tissues
High toxicity against microbial cells
Do not cause serious side effects in humans
Stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids
Infection occurs when ———
Pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues
Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?
Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2
Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Bats the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic
Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2
Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2
A 78-year-old male presents to the emergency department reporting a 2-day history of difficulty breathing, cough, and chest pain. Upon triage assessment, the patient is found to have a fever, rapid rate of breathing, low oxygen saturation, and crackles upon auscultation of the lungs. A chest X-ray reveals consolidation in the right upper lung field. The patient is diagnosed with pneumonia, initiated on oxygen therapy, and admitted for observation and treatment.
As the emergency department RN, you document the care and assessment of the patient in the chart prior to transfer to an inpatient unit. What is the most appropriate term for the clinical manifestations of disease as reported by the patient?
Symptoms
As the RN, you document the care and assessment of the patient in the chart prior to transfer to an inpatient unit. What is the most appropriate term for the clinical manifestations of disease as noted in your assessment?
Signs
An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regarding administration of probiotics to critically ill patients receiving antibiotic therapy. She provides education about normal flora and probiotics as part of the consent process to patients and families. Probiotics are foods or supplements that contain live microorganisms intended to maintain or improve the “good” bacteria (normal microflora) in the body.
Following the teaching to patients and families, the RN assesses understanding prior to obtaining consent.
Which of the following demonstrates a lack of understanding by the patient?
Probiotics are nutrients to encourage microbe growth
the RN conducting the research study more appropriately hypothesizes that probiotics may alleviate which of the following side effects of antimicrobial therapy?
Diarrhea
Endospores ae used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave sterilization. Why would that be
Endospores are very hard to kill
Silvadene, a topical treatment for burns, contains 1% silver. What category of chemical control agent is Silvadene
Heavy metals
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining the potential of a new antimicrobial?
Duplication of existing antimicrobial mechanism of action
The steps of the infection/illness process
Incubation
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Covalescence
How can the progression of a disease be used to compare the outcome of the disease? You should explain what the specific part of the progression of the disease is and how it can be used to compare diseases
The progression of disease can vary from illness to illness and from person to person. Based on how quickly the disease came on and how severe the disease occurs can change the outcome of the disease. If the illness period of the disease (where signs and symptoms are the worst, most miserable state of sickness) lasts for a long time it is possible that the disease is likely to be longer or leave the individual with long-term effects of having received the disease. The period of decline and convalescence is the time in which the signs and symptoms start to decline until they are no longer existent and this is a scenario that can vary based on the individual. One example of progression of a disease could be cancer. This is something that is different for each individual that experiences it. Whether or not the outcome is good can depend on how quickly the disease is caught, if it is in the early stages of the disease (perhaps in incubation where there are no symptoms, or in prodromal where signs and symptoms are just beginning), or even if there is a treatment and what course of action is taken to treat the disease.
