Exam 3 Part 2 Flashcards
Antisepsis
- the reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue (alcohol)
- destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissues
Sterilization
- removing or destroying all microorganisms from living tissues
- destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
Sanitization
- removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
- lowering microbial counts on eating utensils to safe levels
Commercial sterilization
- killing _ C. Botulinum _ endospores from canned goods
Degerming
- mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area
- removal of microbes by mechanical means (washing hands)
Disinfection
- destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue (wiping down equipment)
- destroying harmful microorganisms
Bacteriostasis
- inhibiting, not killing, microbes
biocide
- treatments that kill microbes
Aseptic
- refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants (a surgical field)
-cide, -cidal
- destruction of a type of microbe
Pasteurization
- use of heat to destroy pathogen and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages (restaurants)
-stasis, -static
- inhibition but not complete destruction of a type of microbe
Vancomycin
- interferes with bridges that link the NAM subunits in many gram-positive bacteria (treating serious staphylococcus infections_
- treats gram-positive bacteria, more likely to treat a staph infection that bacitracin
- comes form streptococcus orientalis (is an injection
Bacitracin
- blocks the transport of NAG and NAM from the cytoplasm
- ointment for superficial skin infections, treats gram-positive bacteria
- comes from bacterial strains (Bacillus strains), is an ointment
- can treat general skin infections and staph infections
Penicillin
- deactivates the penicillin binding enzymes involved in the cross linking peptidoglycan
- contains beta-lactam rings for cell wall inhibition
Carbapenems
- very, similar to penicillin, penetrates the cell wall and binds to the penicillin binding enzymes which inhibit the bacterial cell wall synthesis
- doripenem
- imipenem
Cephalosporins
- disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan
Tetracycline
Blocks the docking sight of the tRNA
Streptomycin
- changes the 30S subunit shape resulting in the mRNA being misread
Chloramphenicol
- blocks the formation of the peptide bonds
Macrolides
- binds reversible to the 50S subunit and blocks translocation from the A site to the P site
- azythromycin
- erythromycin
Amphotericin B
- drills a pore through the cytoplasmic membrane which leads to a channel forming, damaging the integrity of the membrane
- fungal infections
Sulfonamide
- blocks the ability of bacteria to use folic acid to grow by stopping the metabolic process through blocking the enzymes required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate
- is an anti metabolic drug that is a structural analog
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
- act against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
Pleconaril
- blocks viral attachment
- antiviral
- common cold symptoms for those exposed to pi coronavirus, rhinovirus, and enterovirus
Enterococcus Faecium
- gram positive, coccus shared, diplococci or streptococci arrangement.
- can cause UTIs, endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections
- is small, smooth, and gray or gray-whitish
- resistant to streptomycin and vancomycin
Staphylococcus aureus
- gram-positive, coccus shaped, staphylococcus arrangement
- cause staph infections, cellulitis, furuncles, soft tissues infection (like accesses)
- has a gold appearance in color when under a microscope
- MRSA; resistant to methicillin, penicillin, vancomycin (sometimes)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Gram-negative, bacillus shaped, coco bacillus arrangement
- can cause infections of the bloodstream, meningitis, pneumonia, wound and surgical infections
- often in pink-yellow mucoid colonies
- Resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems
Acinetobacter baumannii
- gram-negative, rod or bacillus shape, coccobacillus arrangement
- causes lung infections like pneumonia, blood and wound infections, UTIs.
- often appears bright salmon red
- resistant to carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- gram-negative, rod or bacillus-shaped, single or diplobacilli or streptobacilli arrangement
- causes various diseases in the heart, brain, eyes, ears, and blood (bladder catheter infections)
- often a blueish-green or yellow-green color
- resistant to nearly all antibiotics including carbapenems
Enterobacter species
- gram-negative, rod shaped, single, diplobacilli, and streptobacilli arrangement
- causes nosocomial pathogens, responsible for disease such as bacteremia, infection in the lower respiratory tract, skin, soft tissue, UTIs, and in the intra-abdomen
- often appears in a pinkish color
Bactericidal
Bacteristatic
Bactericidal - kills bacteria
Bacteristatic - inhibits the growth of bacteria
What drugs target folic acid synthesis
Trimethoprim
Sulfanomides
Silver Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethoxazole
Drug that target the cytoplasmic or cell membranes
- Polymyxin
- polymyxin B - Daptomycin
the four main categories of anti fungal agents
- macrolide polyenes
- azoles
- echinocandins
- allylamines
Some antihelminthic drugs
- Ivermectin
- Mebendazole
- Praziquantel
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and Penicillin G all do what?
Target the cell wall
What is used to treat cases of tuberculosis
Isoniazid
- or for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clavulanic acid does what
Inhibits B-lactamase activity
Amphotericin B does what
Is an example of a macrolide politeness drug used to treat systemic fungal infections and lesions caused by Candida albicans
- treats some fungal and parasitic infections
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ———
- sterilization
The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit pathogens is ———
Antisepsis
The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed ———
Sterilization
The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of ———
- antisepsis
Disinfection of beverages, such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by ———
Pasteurization
A(n) ——— would be used to destroy bacteria on a countertop whereas a(n) ——— would be used on skin prior to making an incision
Disinfectant;antiseptic
What microbial control method that neither inhibits nor kills microbes, but instead physically removes them from liquids or air.
Filtration
What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins
- penicillinase
Isoniazid
- treats TB or prevents its return
- HIV
- pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of lungs with an unknown cause
Target cell wall
- cephalosporins
- carbapenems
- tetracyclines
