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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do you think of when you think of microbiology

A

Pathogens
Food
Bioterrorism
Bio chemicals

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2
Q

Types/uses of microbes

A
  • Fermentation
  • Makes us sick/ gives humans diseases
  • Keeps humans healthy
  • Helps with wounds and infection treatment
  • Fermentation and create or cheese, beer, wine
  • Deals largely with pandemics
  • Deals with bioterrorism and biochemical threats
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3
Q

Impacts of having or not having microbes

A
  • without microbes there would be no beer, wine, cheese, and less life
  • no microbes would cause earth to become more brown as soil and plants die from lack of vitamins and microbes
  • when there are no microbes crops and livestock will die which in turn causes starvation and death in humans
  • whether or not there are microbes effects depression and anxiety
  • without microbes there will be mass-die outs of fish and sea animals
  • there would be no decay without microbes so the world would become a graveyard which in turn causes death because humans would try to eat other toxic humans
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4
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The science of classifying living beings

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5
Q

Define nomenclature

A
  • the assignments of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms
  • the devising or choosing of names from things especially in science
  • the body or system of names in a particular field
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6
Q

Define classification

A
  • organized into several descending ranks, beginning with the most general and ending with the smallest and most specific
  • Domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum or division
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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7
Q

Microorganisms include

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • Protozoa
  • fungi (widely seen in immunocompromised people
  • helminths (little tiny worms)
  • algae
  • viruses
  • prions (mad cow disease)
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8
Q

Microbes are very easy not difficult to study

A
  • we know roughly 20% of microorganisms (those of which we can go out and study)
  • we can grow microorganisms in the lab at 28-32 degrees
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9
Q

Photosynthesis
Mitochondria

A
  • the output os photosynthesis gives off and releases oxygen. Photosynthesis takes in CO2
  • the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell and came from an evolved bacteria living in many kinds of eukaryotes (from the bacteria)
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10
Q

Microbes and the environment

A
  • microbes have shaped the development of earths habitat for billions of years
  • single-called organisms appeared on this planer about 3.8 billion years ago
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11
Q

Cell types arose form a single (extinct) common ancestor

A

Eukaryotes: “true nucleus” (DNA in the nucleus, multicellular, membranous, large, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes)
Bacteria: single-called, no true nucleus
Archaea: single-cells, no true nucleus, distinct form bacteria (can resemble it)
Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea “pre nucleus” - not a true one ( free floating, unicellular, non membranous, very small, cell walls, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Akaryotes: “no nucleus” (alternate term used for prokaryotes)

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12
Q

Microbes are ubiquitous and are found

A
  • deep in the earths crust
  • in polar ice caps and oceans (viruses most popular)
  • inside the bodies of plants and animals
  • in the earths landscape
  • essential to life
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13
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material; accompanied by the formation of oxygen
    • Anoxygenic photosynthesis: occurred in bacteria before plants evolved, did not produce oxygen, more efficient in extracting energy from sunlight
    • Oxygenic photosynthesis: evolved from anoxygenic photosynthesis, photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for 70% of the earths photosynthesis
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14
Q

How microbes shape our planet:

A

Microorganisms are the main forces that drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere:
- microbes produce CO2, NO, and CH3 that insulate the earths atmosphere
- bacteria are the most abundant cellular organisms in the oceans
- viruses are the most abundant inhabitants of the oceans
- bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants and assist them in obtaining nutrients and water and may protect them against disease

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15
Q

Historical uses of microbes by humans

A
  • bread production
  • alcohol production
  • cheese production
  • treatment of wounds and lesions
  • mining precious metals
  • cleaning up human - created contamination
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16
Q

Biotechnology

A

Genetic engineering: manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Recombinant DNA technology: (PCR testing, altering DNA, bioremediation) makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organisms to another and deliberately alter DNA
Bioremediation: uses microbes already present or introduces intentionally to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

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17
Q

If you are bacteria how do you kill something

A
  • the body attacks the DNA by chopping it up
  • then clone to create prescription enzymes
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18
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Found everywhere

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19
Q

Microbiology

A

A specialist area of biology that deals with living things that are ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

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20
Q

What does microbiology do in nursing

A
  • helps nurses and those in the medical field understand bacterial issues, infectious disease and disease control
  • helps nurses to initiate appropriate measure to decrease the chances of hospital infections, especially those that come from microorganisms and resistant bacteria including microbes
21
Q

How does microbiology effect life outside of pandemics

A
  • not only to microbes and microbiology play a large role in the occurrence of pandemics but without these two things there would likely be less to no disease or outbreaks.
  • Microbiology enables the ability to study microorganisms and the way that humans and even sometimes animals transport them. This helps to see how through transportation, adaptation, and the ability to spread to a new environment microorganisms can be a major cause of pandemics that occur.
  • Microbes can affect all of life and the physical and chemical aspects with ability to address the high mortality rates
    mortality rates are high in part due to microbial pathogens and would be a smaller number outside of global pandemics where microbes are being spread
22
Q

Describe the role and impact of microbes on the planet

A
  • photosynthetic microbes make up 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere
  • microbes underground impact weather, mineral extraction, and soil formation
  • produce gases in the atmosphere which are responsible for maintaining the temperature of earth
  • help plants obtain nutrients, water, and protection from diseases
23
Q

Explain some ways that humans manipulate organisms for their own uses

A
  • to make food products (bread, alcohol, cheese).
  • genetic engineering: syntheses of drugs, hormones, and enzymes
  • bioremediation - use of microbes to restore stability and/or remove toxic pollutants from the environment
24
Q

Correctly write the binomial name for a microorganism

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Escherichia coli
  • Micrococcus luteus
  • Staphylococcus epidermis
  • Bacillus subtilis
  • serratia marcescens
  • rule 1: write genus first, species second.
    Rule 2: genus is capitalized, species is lowercase
    Rule 3: italics of underline (for test-underline)
25
Q

explain the difference between traditional and molecular approaches to taxonomy

A
  • traditional: began with Carl von Linn who used morphology (shape and structure) to classify and name organisms
  • molecular: including using rRNA sequences to put organisms into domain and using Genome sequence to classify organisms that are more a lie in their genome compared to their morphology
26
Q

discovery of enzymes - the 1970s

A
  • three scientists; Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton Smith, discovered these little molecular “scissors” inside the bacteria
  • they chop up DNA in specific ways
  • this allows scientists to use these enzymes to cut DNA in tailor-made ways
27
Q

what did the discovery of enzymes in 1970 open the way for?

A
  • the floodgates to genetic engineering and all that has meant for the treatment of diseases, the investigation into biological processes, and the biological “revolution” of the 21st century
28
Q

what was the invention of the PCR technique in the 1980

A
  • the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was a breakthrough in our ability to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them into quantities sufficient for studying
    • exploits DNA replication
  • It has provided a new and powerful method for discovering new organisms, diagnosing infectious diseases, and for forensic work such as crime scene investigation
29
Q

Microbes harming humans

A
  • the vast majority of microorganisms that associate with humans are harmless or beneficial
30
Q

Pathogens: microbes that cause disease:

A
  • over 2,000 different microbes cause disease
  • ten billion infections occur across the world every year
  • infectious diseases are important common causes of death worldwide
31
Q

emerging and reemerging microbial diseases

A
  • AIDS
  • hepatitis C
  • Zika virus (mosquitos)
  • West Nile Virus (mosquitos)
  • Tuberculosis
32
Q

what are a couple of associations between noninfectious diseases and microbes:

A
  • gastric ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori
  • Multiple sclerosis, OCD, coronary artery disease, and obesity have been linked to chronic infections with microbes
33
Q

viruses

A
  • not independently living cellular organisms
  • exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells
  • composed of a small amount of hereditary material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a membrane
  • Metabolism and energy; replicated and make proteins and biomolecules
34
Q

prions

A
  • simpler that viruses
  • no nucleic acid, only protein, act like infectious microorganisms
35
Q

the six types of microorganisms

A
  • helminths
  • fungus (mucor)
  • protozoan (vorticella)
  • bacterium (E. coli)
  • Virus (herpes simplex)
  • prion
36
Q

spontaneous generation

A
  • the belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life
37
Q

even after the discovery of microbes what occured?

A
  • the belief in abiogenesis, which embraced spontaneous generation, was still embraced by some scientists
  • other scientists advocated biogenesis, saying that living things arise only from others of their same kind
38
Q

louis pasteur

A
  • studied the roles of microorganisms in the fermentation of beer and wine
  • swan-necked flask experiments used to disprove spontaneous generation
    • filled the flask with broth and shaped openings into long, swan-necked bottles
    • heated the flasks to sterilize the broth
    • flasks where exposed to dust from the air and showed microbial growth
    • flasks exposed to air but not to dust showed no microbial growth
39
Q

how to use nomenclature

A
  • scientific name is a combination of the genus and species names
  • scientific names are italicized when they are written in print and underlined when they are written by hand
  • when the name is abbreviated, the genus name is abbreviated to the first initial followed by a period and the full species name is written
40
Q

phylogeny

A
  • the taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living beings
41
Q

evolution

A
  • Hereditary information of living beings gradually changes through time
  • changes result in various structural and functional changes through many generations
  • selective for those changes that favor survival and reproduction, also known as natural selection
42
Q

eukaryotic vs bacteria and archaea

A

eukaryotic cells: animals, plants, fungi, protozoa.
contain organelles that are encased by membranes and perform specific functions
bacteria and archaea: no nucleus or other organelles, complex fine structure, can engage in same activities as eukaryotic cells

43
Q

difference between cellular and acellular

A

cellular - having cells means something is cellular, which means that it is or was alive
acellular - having no cells means its acellular, and there are therefore devoid life

44
Q

what are the characteristics and disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB or tuberculosis
  • some characteristics are when bacteria usually attacks the lungs, is a strictly aerobic; acid-fast bacteria, can cause fever, chills, night sweats, weight loss, tiredness, etc.
45
Q

what are the characteristics and disease caused by yersinia pestis

A
  • the bubonic and pneumonic plague is caused by the bacteria yersinia pestis
  • can cause fever, headache, chills, weakness, one or more swollen painful lymph nodes
46
Q

what are the characteristics and disease caused by plasmodium malariae

A
  • plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoan that causes malaria.
  • can cause thick and thin blood smears. can cause fever chills, discomfort, diarrhea, abdominal pain. nausea and vomiting, etc.
47
Q

what are the characteristics and disease caused by vibrio cholera

A
  • causes an acute diarrheal illness caused by the infection of the intestine from vibrio cholera bacteria. Happens when food or drink is swallowed that is contaminated with the bacteria
  • can cause watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. The rapid loss of fluids can lead to dehydration and even shock
48
Q

compare and contrast the relative size of the different microbes

A
  • viruses: range from 20nm - 450nm
  • prokaryotic cells (bacteria/blue-green algae): range from 250nm - 2000nm (or more)
  • eukaryotic: range from 200nm - 10,000nm (or more; ostrich eggs are a cell; some nerves are a single cell and can be as long as 1m)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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