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1st year A&P > Oestrous cycle > Flashcards

Oestrous cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Lactation

A

Production of milk by mammary glands

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2
Q

Position of mammary glands

A

Lie externally on the ventral wall of the abdomen and thorax on either side of midline

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3
Q

How many pairs of mammary glands does a) queen b) bitch have

A

A) 4 pairs

B) 5 pairs

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4
Q

What are mammary glands made of

A

Consists of glandular tissue embedded in connective tissue and lined by secretory epithelium.
Milk drains through network of sinuses that eventually narrow to form tear canals.

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5
Q

Opening of a teat

A

Teat orifice

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6
Q

3 hormones influencing production of milk

A
  • glands enlarge in response to progesterone secreted by corpus lute under in ovary.occurs during pregnancy and may be seen during non- preg lutes phase of the bitch
  • milk produced by gland in response to prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary gland
  • milk released by glands in response to sucking by neonate only occur if hormone oxytocin secreted by posterior pituitary gland is circulating in blood. Oxytocin is released a few hours before parturition.
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7
Q

Average composition of milk

A 
Water -70-90%
Fat -0-30%
Protein -1-15%
Carbohydrates -3-7%
Minerals -0.5-1% (calcium, phosphate, sodium, magnesium, chloride) deficient in iron and copper 
Vitamins -A,B2,B5,E,K
Low in -Vit C and Vit D
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8
Q

How long do maternal antibodies protect the neonate

A

10-12 weeks, after this is capable of producing antibodies and being vaccinated

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9
Q

Oestrous cycle

A

Rhythmic phenomenon seen in all post-pubertal non-preg female mammals involving regular but limited periods of sexual receptivity known as oestrus

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10
Q

Functions of oestrous cycle:

A
  • produce ova from the ovary ready to be fertilised by spermatozoa from male
  • prepare repro tract of female to receive fertilised ova
  • initiate behavioural patterns in female that indicate to male she is ready to mate
  • stimulate the female to stand still and allow mating
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11
Q

Events related to oestrous cycle that occur

A

1) behavioural- female ‘advertises ‘ she is receptive to male . Patterns of behaviour differ in the bitch and queen
2) ovary - development of follicles, realise from ova and the development of ruptured follicles into corpora lutea.
3) uterine horn and uterine body prepare to receive the fertilised ova
4) endocrine system - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted by anterior pituitary gland. Oestrogen and progesterone are secreted from ovary.

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12
Q

Order of oestrous cycle

A 
Pro-oestrous 
Oestrous 
Metoestrus 
Dioestrus
Interoestrus 
Anoestrus
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13
Q

Pro-oestrous

A

Prep for oestrous during which time follicles are developing in the ovary. Repro tract is dominated by the hormone oestrogen

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14
Q

Oestrus

A

Period during which female will allow mating

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15
Q

Metoestrus

A

Initial development of the corpora lutea

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16
Q

Dioestrus

A

Mature phase of corpora lutea

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17
Q

Interoestrus

A

In the queen that has not ovulated this is the phase between two episodes of oestrous

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18
Q

Anoestrus

A

Period between oestrous cycle during which there is very little activity in ovary

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19
Q

During pro-oestrus which hormone dominates repro tract

A

Oestrogen

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20
Q

During metoestrus and dioestrus which hormone dominated repro tract

A

Progesterone

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21
Q

What phase is pro-oestrous and oestrous in

A

Follicular phase

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22
Q

What phase is metoestrus and dioestrus in

A

Luteal phase

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23
Q

Monestrous

A

During each period of ovarian activity there is only one period of oestrous

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24
Q

What type of ovulator is the bitch

A

Spontaneous ovulator

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25
Q

What does spontaneous ovulator mean

A

Ovulates during her cycle regardless to weather or not she’s mated

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26
Q

When does bitch reach sexual maturity

A

6-12 months

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27
Q

How is puberty marked

A

Onset of first oestrus cycle

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28
Q

Bitches phases of oestrous

A

Pro-oestrus
Oestrus
Metoestrus/ dioestrus
Anoestrus

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29
Q

Pro-oestrus in the bitch

A
  • lasts approx 9 days
    -starts with vulva bleeding
  • ends with mating
  • repro tract dominated by oestrogen
    -vulva swollen, increased urination, flirty behaviour
    -
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30
Q

Oestrous in the bitch

A
  • approx lasts 9 days ( range if 1-20days)
  • vulva continue to swell, becomes distinctly softened
  • flirty excitable behaviour
  • will allow mating
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31
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of the ova from the ovaries

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32
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

Approx 12 days after onset of pro-oestrous following rapid surge of luteinsing hormone.

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33
Q

Metoestrus in the bitch

A
  • lasts approx 70 days
  • luteal phase
  • domainted by progesterone
  • discharge drys up,swollen vulva returns to normal size, bitch returns to normal
  • corpus luteal formed in ovary
  • from day 25 prolactin produced
  • enlarged mammary glands, no discharge, vulva normal size, normal behaviour
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34
Q

Prolactin is luteotropic meaning

A

Supports progesterone production from corpus luteum

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35
Q

Anoestrus in bitch

A

-lasts 3-9 months
- period of inactivity in ovary
- behaviour and external apprentice bicth is normal
- towards the end follicles begin to develop in ovary
When levels of oestrogen have increased enough they will initiate behavioural signs of pro-estrius

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36
Q

What type of oestrous does the queen have

A

Seasonally polyoestrous

37
Q

What does seasonally polyoestrous mean

A

Several oestrous cycles during breeding season

38
Q

When is cat breeding season

A

January to September

39
Q

When is the queen in anoestrus

A

Winter months

40
Q

What is thought to be onset of cat breeding season

A

Increase hours of daylight and rise in temp ( early srping)

41
Q

What is meant by induced ovulator

A

The ova will be released from the follicles in the ovaries only in response to the stimulus of mating

42
Q

What causes the release of repro hormones in the queen

A

The male withdraws his permission and causes the queen to loud howl and therefore invites nerve impulses stimulating hormone release

43
Q

When does the queen become sexually mature

A

6 months of age

44
Q

Phases of the queen oestrus cycle

A

Oestrus
Interoestrus
Dioestrus
Anoestrus

45
Q

Oestrus in the queen

A
  • 4 to 7 days
  • allow mating
  • increase in affectionate behaviour, lordosis, calling
46
Q

Interoestrus in the queen

A
  • 14 days

- behaviour is normal and follicle begin to develop and oestrus starts again

47
Q

What happens if mating doesn’t occur in interoestrus in queen

A

Ovulation won’t occur as the formation of the corpus luteum or progesterone secretion. Ovary inactive

48
Q

Dioestrus in the queen

A
  • 40 days
  • if mated the corpora luteum form and secrete progesterone -
  • if not preg the corpora lutea have a secretory lifespan of approximately 40 days
  • mammary enlargement
49
Q

Anoestrus in the queen

A
  • 4 months long
  • ovary remains inactive during winter months
  • follicles start to develop in late December to response of increasing hours of daylight and gradual inc enviro temps.
50
Q

What does puberty do to primordial follicles

A

Develop them into Graafian follicles

51
Q

Where do primordial follicles come from

A

Animal is born with all germ cokes in her ovaries she will ever use in lifetime, act as reservoir from which the primordial follicles will develop

52
Q

Multiparous

A

Litter bearing

53
Q

When does development of follicles begin

A

End of anoestrus and contained through to pro-oestrus

54
Q

3 parts of developing follicles

A

1) outer double layer of follicular cells
2) cavity containing follicular fluid
3) ovum (nucleus consign haploid numbers of choromsones and result in meiosis)

55
Q

Hormone secreted by Graafian follicles

A

Oestrogen

56
Q

When does the follicle reach full size and rupture and what does this cause

A

End of pro-oestrus and begging of oestrus and relies of the ovum starting ovulation

57
Q

What stages Does the ovary go through after ovulation

A

1) little bleeding into the ruptured follicle, produces a transient stage known as the corpus haemorrhagicum ( bloody body)
2) blood resorted and the follicular tissue organises to form the corpus luteum ( yellow body)

58
Q

What hormone does corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone

59
Q

What is corpus luteum referred to when remains in ovary

A

Corpus luteum of cycle or corpus luteum of pregnancy

60
Q

What happens to corpus luteum of cycle during pregnancy in a dog

A

Remains in ovary for long as pregnancy meaning levels of progesterone remain high and some bitches develop symptoms of false preg/ pseudocyesis.

61
Q

What stage is entered at end of luteal phase

A

Anoestrus

62
Q

What happens to CL of preg of mated

A

Develops and fertilisation occurs.

Remains for almost all of gestation period

63
Q

What happens to corpus luteum in the queen

A

The CL of final cycle of the season regressed there is a variable period of variance inactivity known as anoestrus.

64
Q

Stimulants of next breeding cycle

A
  • day length
  • enviro temp
  • presence of same species
  • presence of male
65
Q

Changes to uterus during oestrus

A

The walls of the uterus become thickened and more glandular and may produced a mucous discharge

66
Q

What hormone causes change to uterus in oestrus cycle

A

Influence of Oestrogen secretedby the developing follicles

Progesterone furthers this effect

67
Q

Changes to Mammary glands

A

Progesterone may cause slight enlargement of mammary glands

68
Q

Effect on the vagina

A

Epithelial lining of vagina changes under influence of different hormones

69
Q

Changes seen to vagina anoestrus

A

Anoestrus - lining fairly dry, epithelial cells non-cornfied, few leukocytes

70
Q

Changes seen to vagina pro-oestrus

A

Pro-oestrus- many red blood cells present, epithelial cells cornified and non-cornified, few leukocytes, abundant debris

71
Q

Changes to vagina oestrus

A

Oestrus - vagina very mosi, no. Of red blood cells reduced, straw coloured discharge

72
Q

Changes to vag at end of oestrus

A

Leukocytes reappear, very few red blood cells

73
Q

Changes to vag at early luteal phase

A

No. Of leukocytes inc., decrease in cornfield cells and increase in non-cornified

74
Q

When is mating recommended

A

Around time the red blood cells and leukocytes decrease and cornfield cells inc.

75
Q

Servers hormones involved in a complex of interactions during oestrus

A 
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH)
Lutiensing hormone (LH)
Oestrogen 
Progesterone
76
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Produced by hypothalamus at base of forebrain in response to external factors
Stimulates the release of gondotrophins

77
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A gondrotrophin secreted by the anterior pituitary gland at base of forebrain.
Acts on developing follicles of ovary

78
Q

Lutenising hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropin secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Acts on mature follicles in ovary

79
Q

Oestrogen

A

Steroid hormone, secreted by developing follicles in ovary

80
Q

Progesterone

A

Steroid hormone secreted by mature follicles and corpus lutea in ovary

81
Q

What starts oestrous cycle

A

The hypothalamus secreted gonadotropin releasing hormone (GrRH)

82
Q

How and where is GnRH carried to

A

In the blood to the anterior pituitary gland lying ventral to the hypothalamus at the base of the forebrain

83
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete

A

FSH which stimulates the primordial follicle in the ovary and they develop into ripe Graafian follicles
Follicular tissue around each ovum begins to secrete oestrogen

84
Q

Oestrogen secretions inhibits…

A

Further production of FSH And stimulates production of LH from anterior pituitary gland

85
Q

What does LH act on

A

Graafian follicles. Some more mature ones lutenise and secrete hormone progesterone. The progesterone is produced in quite high amounts before ovulation in the bitch but not other species.

Eventually Graafian ruptures and ovum released

86
Q

When do progesterone levels in the bitch peak

A

Day 20 of cycle and remain high till day 60 regardless of preg or not

87
Q

What can cause pseudopreg

A

High Levels of progesterone combined with prolactin

88
Q

Progesterone produced what effects

A

Walls of iputerus thickened and become more glandular to prepare for pregs

Mammary glands enlarged

89
Q

Secretion of progesterone on GRH

A

Inhabits production of GRH from hypothalamus and prevents development of more follicles and helps to maintain prey state

1st year A&P (13 decks)

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