musculosketal Flashcards
middle section of a long bone?
diphysis
very end sections of long bone ?
ephysis
neck section of long bone?
metphysis
fossa
depression/ hallow in bone
foremen
opening inside the body that allows key structure to connect 1 part of body to another
tubercle
small knobby promiance
Intertubercle groove
deep groove on the humerus that separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle
trochanter
any of a no. of bony protuberances by which the muscles are attached to the upper part of the tight bone
head
anterior and superior part of a structure or organism
neck
any narrow or constricted part of a bone or organ that joins its part
tubersity
a rough projection or protuberance of a bone as for attachment of muscle
condyle
rounded protubalance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
Epicondyle
a protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, especially either of the 2 at the elbow end of the humus.
process
projection or outgrowth of tissue from a large body
notch
v-shaped cut, indentation or nick, especially at edge of the object or structure
osteoblasts
make new bone matrix
osteocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the material it has secreted.
Osteoclasts
break down:
1) bone may need remodelling
2) calcium released
fibrous joint
- bones connected by connective tissue
- minimal movement
- no joint space
- i.e skull, teeth
cartilaginous joint
- joints held together by cartilage
- allows some movement ( more then fibrous joints and less then synovial joints)
- i.e pelvis
synovial joint
- joint cavity
- bone connected by ligament
- greatest range of movement
- elbow, knees …
flexion
wrist towards shoulder
extension
wrist away from shoulder
Abduction
arm away from body
adduction
arm towards body
rotation
elbow at side and moving arms in circle
circumduction
back crawl/ front stroke
pronation
hands in front seeing back of hand
suspination
turning flat hands out to see hands
protraction
strenghting out a full forelimb all in extension
retraction
pointing limb backwards behind body
axial skeleton
- skull and hyoid apparatus
- spinal coulmn ( made by vertebrae)
- ribs
- sterum
forelimb proxal to distal
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius and ulna
- carpal bones ( radiocarapal, ulnacarpal, accessory, I,II,III, IV)
- metacarapal bones (I-V)
- Phalanges ( 3 digits on each ex. dew claw)
main parts of skull
cranium, maxilla, mandible, hyoid apparatus
function of skull
- protect and house brain
- hosuing and sense organs
- attachment for the manible
- attachment for the hyoid apparatus
- attach the facial muscles
- host teeth
- attach layrnx to hyoid apparatus
types of joints in skull and names of
- fibrous
- temporomanidibular joints is synovial
- each mandible is joined by manidbular symphysis
bony landmarks of skull
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyles
- tympanic bulla
- zygomatic arch
- tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ)
- orbit
- occipital crest
- mandible : ramus( branch), angle of jaw, body
what forms the hard palate
maxilla, palatine and incisive
where is hyoid apparatus found
found in cranial end of the neck region, ventral to the skull
what i hyiod apparatus made up of and what type of joint
number of very small bones joined by cartilaginous joints
what does hyoid apparatus do
is a suspensory mechaniosm for the tongue and larynx allowing the larynx to swing cranially and caudally during swallowing
parts of the hyoid apparatus
stylohyoid, epihyoid, certatohyoid, basihyoid, thyroid cartilage.
3 types of head shapes
brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic
what are sinuses
air filled cavities within a bone, lie within the facial bones of the skull
- lined with cilited epithelium and communciate with nasal cavities
the 2 sinuses are…
maxilary- not a true sinus but a recess at the caudal end of the nasal cavity.
frontal- lies within the frontal bone of the skull and cam vary in skull size and age
2 things not part of the axial
scapula and pelvis
function of vertabrae
enable movement and posture, aid support of head, provide attachment for muscles, protect spinal cord
sections of vertebrae and no. for dog and cat
cervical (7) thoracic vertebrae (13) lumbar vertebrae (7) sacrum (3) cooygeal (20-23)
basic structure of vertebrae
Cylindrical body- bulk of vertabrae
neural arch- dorsaly helps to form vertebral foramen
vertebral foreman- holds spinal cord
Intervertbral disc
between sections of vertbrae, helps prevent damnge to spinal cord ( fibrous cartilaginous’ shook absorbers)
what does Intervertbral disc contain
annulus fibrosus- outer tough fibrous connective tissue
nucleolus pulposus- inner gelatinous core material
C1 name, shape and function
atlas
2 large transverse processes and no spinous processes
allows movement up and down of head
C2 name, shape and function
axis
elogated spinous process for attachment of neck muslces and nuchal lig.
acts as a pivot to allow rotation of the head
what is the odontiod process
projection of bone on the cranial aspect which articulates with the atlas
cervical vertebrae appearance
similar to basic appernance but with increasing length of spinous process , increasing caudally
how many ribs does dog and cat have
13 pairs
intercostal space
space between each rib and contains intercostal muscles
sternal ribs
ribs 1-8 as costal cartilage joins with sternum
asternal or false ribs
ribs 9-12 touch costal cartilage of rib infront and attached to costal arch, do not touch sternum
floating rib
rib 13 not articulate with the cartilage of other rib
how many parts to the sternum
8 ( each gets a rib)
manubrium
most cranial sternebra- thoracic inlet
xiphoid process
most caudal sternebra
Appendicular skeleton
forelimbs and hindlimbs
forelimb proxal to distal
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, digits (phalanges)
do dogs and cats have clavicles
dogs = no cats = yes
fossa of the scapula
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
acromion
distal tip of the scapula spine
gleniod cavity
socket distal end scapula
greater tubercle
promiance on the cranial and lateral aspect of the humerus
lesser tubercle
promiance on the cranial and medial aspect of the humerus
olecrannon fossa
depression proximal to the condyle fitting anoneal process (ulna)
olecranon
point of elbow on ulna
anconeal process
projection stabilising joint with radius and humerus
trochlear notch
cavity that holds humerus condyle
carpus
7 short bones. 3 proximal 4 distal
assessory carpal bone
sits on lateral edge and projects caudally for muscle attachment
ungual process
3rd digit part of claw
