Oesophageal carcinoma Flashcards

1
Q

What is the incidence of oesophageal carcinoma?

A

Incidence of 8919 cases in 2014, 2% of all cancers

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2
Q

What is the pathology of oesophageal carcinoma?

A
  • Squamous cell dysplasia → atypical large nuclei, ↑ mitosis
  • Plaque like – adenocarcinoma only
  • Nodular – adenocarcinoma only
  • Ulcerated - adenocarcinoma only
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3
Q

What are the risk factors/aetiology of oesophageal carcinoma?

A
  • Men
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • GORD/Barrett’s oesophagus
  • Nitrosamines – carcinogens in food e.g. cured meat, dry milk, beer, cheese, salted fish
  • Thermal injury
  • HPV
  • Ethnicity – black/Caucasian more at risk
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4
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of oesophageal carcinoma?

A
  • Dysphagia/odynophagia – difficulty/painful swallowing
  • Vomiting
  • Anorexia/weight loss
  • Melena
  • Persistent indigestion
  • Cough
  • Lymphadenopathy
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5
Q

What other conditions does oesophageal carcinoma present similarly to?

A
  • Oesophageal strictures
  • Compression of oesophagus from external source e.g. enlarged lymph glands
  • Achalasia – lower oesophageal sphincter fails to open during swallowing
  • Gastric cancer
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6
Q

What are the investigations for oesophageal carcinoma?

A
  • FBC, U&E, LFT, glucose, CRP
  • Urgent endoscopy inc. biopsy
  • CXR – inc. double contrast barium swallowing
  • CT/MRI of chest/upper abdomen
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7
Q

What are the surgical treatments for oesophageal carcinoma?

A

• Removal of carcinoma – if appropriate

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8
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments for oesophageal carcinoma?

A
  • Chemotherapy

* Radiation

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9
Q

What are the non pharmacological treatments for oesophageal carcinoma?

A

• Nutritional supplements – if required

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