Bladder cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How common is bladder cancer?

A

7th most common cancer in the UK

Most common after the age of 40

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2
Q

What is the pathology of bladder cancer?

A
  • Bladder is lined with urothelium
  • Most common form of transitional cell malignancy
  • Bladder CIS – bladder carcinoma in situ
  • TNM staging
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3
Q

What are the risk factors/aetiology of bladder cancer?

A
  • Male – 4 times for common
  • Age
  • Smoking
  • Exposure to industrial chemicals/dyes e.g. benzidine
  • Exposure to drugs e.g. cyclophosphamide
  • Chronic inflammation e.g. schistosomiasis
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4
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of bladder cancer?

A
  • Painless haematuria – either microscopic or frank
  • Frequency
  • Urgency
  • Dysuria
  • Absences of bacteriuria
  • Pain – due to advance/metastatic disease or clot retention
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5
Q

What diseases present similarly to bladder cancer?

A
  • Cystitis
  • Renal cancer
  • Urethral trauma
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6
Q

What investigations are conducted for suspected bladder cancer?

A
  • Urinalysis – exclude infection
  • FBC
  • U&E’s
  • CT/MRI
  • Cystoscopy
  • Biopsy
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7
Q

What are the surgical treatments for bladder cancer?

A
  • Local diathermy or cystoscopic resection

* Complete macroscopic transurethral resection (TUR)

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8
Q

What are the pharmacology treatments for bladder cancer?

A
  • Chemotherapy

* Radiotherapy

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