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OCB > OCB02-2020 Physiology of salivary glands > Flashcards

OCB02-2020 Physiology of salivary glands Flashcards

1
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine

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2
Q

Where do parotid glands secrete saliva?

A

at the level of the upper second molar on the buccal surface

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3
Q

Where do submandibular and sublingual glands release saliva?

A

Under the surface of the tongue on either side of the frenulum

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4
Q

What is the major duct of the parotid gland called?

A

Stenson duct

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5
Q

What is the major duct for the submandibular gland called?

A

Wharton duct

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6
Q

What stimuli cause saliva production?

A 
Nociception
Thermoreceptive
Olfactory
Masticatory
Gustatory
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7
Q

Where do the afferent and efferent nerves travel?

A

Via the afferent pathway to the Solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata
Efferent nerves then travel from the ANS and thoracic spine to their effector organs

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8
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nerves arise?

A

Salivatory nuclei in the brain (ANS)

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9
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves arise?

A

From the thoracic spine

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10
Q

How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS affect saliva?

A

Increase saliva production

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11
Q

How can salivary production be decreased?

A

Come from the salivary nuclei in the higher centres of the brain

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12
Q

Do parotid glands receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

A

both

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13
Q

Do submandibular glands receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

A

both

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14
Q

Do sublingual glands receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

A

only parasympathetic

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15
Q

Do minor salivary glands receive parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

A

only sympathetic

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16
Q

What cells does the autonomic nerves supply?

A

Acini cells
Myoepithelial cells that surround acini
Ductal cells
Control blood vessel

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17
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects of reflex stimuli from autonomic nerves?

A 
Can act in isolation
Stimulates most fluid secretion 
Evoke some protein secretion 
Contract my-epithelial cells 
Cause vasodilation as part of the secretory process
Denervation causes gland atrophy
18
Q

What are the sympathetic effects of reflex stimuli from autonomic nerves?

A

Acts synergistically with parasympathetic nerves
Causes less fluid secretion, but most protein secretion
Contracts my-epithelial cells
Denervation causes gland atrophy

19
Q

How does the sympathetic NS act and on what receptors?

A

Via noradrenaline on B adrenergic receptors

20
Q

How does the parasympathetic NS act and on what receptors?

A

Ach on M3 muscarinic receptors

21
Q

How is saliva formed via the PaNS in stage 1?

A

When acetylcholine is secreted from the PaNS, it stimulates NaCl secretion which created an osmotic gradient allowing water to also enter the duct

22
Q

How is saliva formed via the sympathetic NS in stage 1?

A

Sympathetic secretion via noradrenaline increases protein secretion into the duct therefore at this stage, the secretion is isotonic

23
Q

How is saliva modified in stage 2?

A

As saliva moves down the duct, NaCl is removed by ductal cells, creating a hypotonic solution of saliva .
The ductal epithelium is impermeable to water, so water is retained and salt reduced

24
Q

What neurotransmitters do minor glands rely on?

A 
VIP (protein secretion)
Substance P (fluid secretion)
25
Q

What is the coupling of autonomic sympathetic stimulation to saliva secretion in acinar cell?

A

With sympathetic stimulation, noradrenaline leads to an increase in cAMP, which leads to protein secretion

26
Q

What is the coupling of autonomic parasympathetic stimulation to saliva secretion in acinar cell?

A

Acetylcholine activates the IP3 pathway, which causes a rise in intracellular calcium which leads to electrolyte and water secretion

27
Q

What is fluid and electrolyte secretion mediated by?

A

Calcium signalling pathway

28
Q

What is protein secretion mediated by?

A

cAMP pathway

29
Q

What drug reduces protein secretion?

A

Propranolol

30
Q

What drug reduce fluid secretion?

A

Atropine

31
Q

What is salivary secretion dependant on?

A

Sodium concentration gradient

The opening of apical chloride channels upon stimulation of acinar cells

32
Q

How is saliva secreted?

A

There are low intracellular concentrations of sodium and high extracellular due to the Na-K pump
When acetylcholine binds to M3 receptors, it causes increase in intracellular calcium ion concentrations allowing the opening of chloride ion channels
This allows chloride to move from the intracellular space to the extracellular ductal environment
This creates an electrochemical gradient allowing sodium ions to move to the apical sides
The Na-K pump regulates intracellular ion concentration, maintaining high intracellular conc of chloride for saliva flow

33
Q

When does saliva secretion stop?

A

Stops when acetylcholine stops occupying the muscarinic receptor, the intracellular calcium is reduced and taken back to RER

34
Q

What is the most abundant Ig in saliva?

A

sIgA

35
Q

What protein does the the parotid gland contain a lot of?

A

Amylase

36
Q

What protein does the the sublingual gland contain a lot of?

A

Mucins

37
Q

What are the types of secretion of all glands?

A

Parotid: serous
Submandibular: Serous and mucous
Sublingual: mucous

38
Q

How do ductal cells modify saliva when resting?

A

Striated ducts remove Na+ and Cl-
K+ is secreted into the lumen
Straited ducts are impermeable to water
So saliva is hypotonic in the mouth

39
Q

When are the salivary glands resting?

A

When it is not responding to the intake of food

40
Q

How is saliva modified when salivary glands are stimulated?

A

There is a larger volume of saliva produced and higher rate of flow of isotonic saliva

41
Q

How does the composition of saliva change when it is stimulated?

A

More Na+ and Cl- is present but less K+
HCO3- is also present
It is less hypotonic as less ions are removed by ductal cells, as greater volumes are secreted so less time for fluid to come into contact with ductal epithelium and be modified

OCB (16 decks)

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