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community health nursing > objective 7 > Flashcards

objective 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of determinants and distribution of health, disease and injuries in human populations
Specialized form of scientific research providing health care workers with a body of knowledge on which to base practice

A

epidemiology

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of epidemiology?

A

descriptive
analytical

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3
Q

health outcomes

A

descriptive epidemiology

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4
Q

origins or cause

A

analytical epidemiology

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5
Q

what is the purpose of epidemiology?

A

To discover casual relationships to understand why conditions develop and offer prevention and protection

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6
Q

The tracking and forecasting of any health event or health determinant through the collection of data; its integration, analysis, and interpretation into surveillance products; and the dissemination of those surveillance products to those who need to know

A

health surveillance

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7
Q

The occurrence of disease in a population

A

morbidity

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8
Q

The number of deaths due to that disease in population

A

mortality

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9
Q

A type of ratio that shows the relationship between the total number and the frequency of occurrence in the case of a particular health event
The denominator must include the numerator

A

proportion

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10
Q

A measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period
The basic measure in epidemiological studies

A

rate

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11
Q

The probability that an event will occur within a specified period

A

risk

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12
Q

Those persons for whom there exists a greater probability of the event occurring

A

high-risk population

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13
Q

Reflects the number of new cases developing in a population at risk during a specified time
Estimates the risk of developing the disease in the observed population within a specified time

A

incidence rate

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14
Q

Identifies the number of persons in a population that have a disease or have experienced an event at a specific period
The number of existing cases divided by the current population

A

prevalence rate

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15
Q

of a disease, injury or other condition is the rate of occurrence that is usual in a population

A

endemic rate

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16
Q

occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or condition clearly exceeds the usual level for that condition

A

epidemic

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17
Q

of a disease, injury, or other condition is the rate of its occurrence in geographically widespread populations

A

pandemic rate

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18
Q

what are the commonly used mortality rates?

A

Crude mortality rate
Age-specific rate
Cause-specific rate
Case fatality rate
Proportionate mortality ratio
Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates

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19
Q

an animate or inanimate factor that must be present or lacking for a disease or condition to develop

A

agent

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20
Q

living species capable of being infected or affected by an agent

A

host

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21
Q

everything internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced by and influences the host and agent. Also includes social and physical factors

A

environment

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22
Q

Interrelationships among factors that increase or decrease the risk of disease

A

the web for causation

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23
Q

interventions to prevent the occurrence of disease, injury, or disability

A

primary prevention

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24
Q

Early detection for disease during the preclinical period

A

secondary prevention

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25
Q

Interventions aimed at minimizing disability and rehabilitation from disease, injury, or disability

A

teritary prevention

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26
Q

The testing of groups of individuals who are at risk for a certain condition but do not manifest any symptoms, in order to determine the likelihood that these individuals will develop the disease

A

screening

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27
Q

A disease of human or animal origin caused by infectious agent
One that can be transmitted from one person to another
Caused by agent that is infectious and transmitted from a source, or reservoir, to a susceptible host

A

communicable diseases

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28
Q

The removal of the disease from a large geographic area, such as a country or region of the world

A

elimination

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29
Q

The permanent elimincation of a disease worldwide

A

eradication

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30
Q

what is the epidemiological triangle?

A

host
infectious agent
env

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31
Q

what are the 4 main cat of infectious agents that can cause infection or disease?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses

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32
Q

A human or animal host may harbour an infectious agent

A

host factor

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33
Q

what are the four host factors that influence the spread of disease ?

A

resistance
immunity
herd immunity
infectiousness

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34
Q

the ability of the host to withstand infection

A

resistance

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35
Q

the resistance of a group of ppl to invasion and spread of an infectious agent

A

herd immunity

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36
Q

a resistance to an infectious agent

A

immunity

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37
Q

a measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts

A

infectiousness

38
Q

All that is external to the human host: physical, biological, social, and cultural factors

A

env factor

39
Q

Passing an infection from parent to offspring through sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth

A

vertical transmission

40
Q

Person-to-person spread of infection

A

horizontal transmission

41
Q

The entry, development, and multiplication of the infefctious agent in the susceptible host

A

infection

42
Q

One of the possible outcomes of infection; may indicate a physiological dysfuntion or pathological reaction

A

DISEASE

43
Q

The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease

A

incubation period

44
Q

The time interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person

A

communicable period

45
Q

People with infectious diseases may exhibit a broad spectrum of disease that ranges from subclinical infection to severe and fatal disease

A

disease spectrum

46
Q

how are communicable diseases spread?

A

Droplet
Airborne contact spread
direct/indirect contact
Fecal-oral route
Blood or other bodily fluids

47
Q

how do we reduce the spread of communicable diseases?

A

Clean
Cover
Contain
Choose to be vaccinated
Charge your defences

48
Q

An infection that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and is highly contagious

A

chicken-pox

49
Q

It is caused by common respiratory virus:
Human metapenumonvirus
RSV
Enterovirus
Parainfluenza

A

common cold

50
Q

Is caused by the influenza virus. The most common strains are types A and B. influenza generally occurs every year in the late fall and winter months

A

influenza

51
Q

viral illness cuased by parvovirus

A

fifth disease

52
Q

A mild viral illness caused by the coxsakie virus

A

hand, foot, and mouth disease

53
Q

An acute viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

A

mononucleosis

54
Q

Infestation of tiny wingless insects that live and breed in the human hair
Lay eggs, called nits, on hair shafts behind ears, on the crown etc

A

head lice

55
Q

A bacterial infection that starts with itchy watery eyes, progressing to yellowish drainage from eye

A

conjunctivitis

56
Q

Caused by streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria

A

impetigo

57
Q

The eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows beneath the skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs

A

scabies

58
Q

Infection caused by a number of different viruses, most commonly norovirus and rotavirus

A

gastroenteritis

59
Q

Can be caused by bacteria (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia), parasites (trichomoniasis), or viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes, HIV)

A

STIs

60
Q

A common STI caused by a bacteria

A

chlamydia

61
Q

Can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a very common infection, especially among young peoples ages 15-24

A

gonorrhea

62
Q

disease caused by a virus that infects the liver

A

hep C

63
Q

The most common STI. it is estimated that more than 70% sexually active canadian men and women will have a sexually transmitted HPV infection at some point in their lives
Many different types

A

HPV

64
Q

STI caused by a bacteria that can result in serious health problems if it is not treated
Is divided into stages and there are different S&S associated with each stage

A

syphilis

65
Q

Hosts ability to resist a particular infectious disease-casuing agent
Body produces antibodies and lymphocytes that react with foreign organisms and render them harmless

A

immunity

66
Q

short term resistance acquired either naturally or artificially

A

passive immunity

67
Q

long term or life long resistance acquired naturally or artificially

A

active immunity

68
Q

persons immunity to one agent provides immunity to another related agent as well

A

cross immunity

69
Q

describes immunity level that is present in a population group

A

herd immunity

70
Q

Process of introducing some form of disease-causing organism into persons system to promote the development of antibodies that will resist disease
Individual becomes immune to specific infectious disease causing agent

A

immunizations

71
Q

Made from live or an inactivated form of an organism

A

vaccines

72
Q

Weakened wild virus organism to create immune response

A

live vaccines

73
Q

Viral organism that has been inactivated by heat or chemical-cannot replicate

A

inactivated vaccines

74
Q

bacterial infection of the throat cause that can cause heart and liver failure. Spread through droplet from cough and sneezes. Highly contagious

A

diphtheria

75
Q

bacterial infection can lead to meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media and pneumonia. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions

A

haemophilus influenza type B

76
Q

viral infection that can have no symptoms or produce permanent liver damage and eventually liver cancer. Spread through infected blood and body fluids

A

hep B

77
Q

a viral infection that can lead to orchitis, swelling of the salivary glands, respiratory symptoms, deafness and meningitis. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

A

mumps

78
Q

a bacterial infection that can cause chronic resp disease. Can result in permanent brain damage and dealth. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions. Highly contagious

A

pertussis

79
Q

viral infection that can cause meningitis and affect the central nervous system to produce partial or complete paralysis. Spread through contact with the virus, usually by mouth

A

pollo

80
Q

viral infection that produces mild disease. Teratogenic if contracted by mother during first trimester. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

A

rubella

81
Q

viral illness. Gastroenteritis. Transmitted though the fecal-oral route

A

rotavirus

82
Q

a bacterial infection that affects the central nervous system causing muscle tetany that can result in death. Spread through breaks in the skin with soil, manure or dust containing the bacteria. Not contagious

A

tetanus

83
Q

viral infection that can produce encephalitis and can be fatal. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and is most contagious

A

measles

84
Q

a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the meninges. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

A

meningococcal

85
Q

bacteria infection causes otitis media, meningitis and pneumonia. Spread through droplet or indirect respiratory secretions of an affected person

A

pneumococcal

86
Q

viral infection causing chicken pox. Spread through air by cough and sneezing. Also spread by coughing or breathing in particles that come from chickenpox blisters. Can also be spread from ppl with shingles

A

varicella

87
Q

viral infection which can cause some types of cervical cancer and genital warts. Spread through sexual contact with an affected person

A

HPV

88
Q

not vaccine-preventable but is a communicable disease. Spread through coughing, sneezing, singing or talking

A

TB

89
Q

Separation of infected person from others for the period of communicability to limit transmission of infectious agent to susceptible persons

A

isolation

90
Q

Restrictions on healthy contacts of an infectious disease for the duration of the incubation period to prevent disease transmission

A

quarantine

91
Q

should be reconstituted or drawn up immediately before admin. They should be discarded if the vaccine has been drawn up or reconstituted and subsequently not used within the time frame specified by the manufacturer or jurisdictional guidelines

A

single dose vials

92
Q

should be marked with the date of initial entry into the vial and, if reconstituted, marked with the date and time of reconstitution. Some vaccines provided in multi-dose vials must be used within a specified time after initial puncturing of the vial or after reconstitution. This date will be different than the expiration date printed on the vial by the manufacturer. The new “use by” date should be written on the vial once it has been punctured

A

multi-dose vials

community health nursing (11 decks)

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