objective 7

Question 1

Study of determinants and distribution of health, disease and injuries in human populations
Specialized form of scientific research providing health care workers with a body of knowledge on which to base practice

Answer 1

epidemiology

Question 2

what are the 2 types of epidemiology?

Answer 2

descriptive
analytical

Question 3

health outcomes

Answer 3

descriptive epidemiology

Question 4

origins or cause

Answer 4

analytical epidemiology

Question 5

what is the purpose of epidemiology?

Answer 5

To discover casual relationships to understand why conditions develop and offer prevention and protection

Question 6

The tracking and forecasting of any health event or health determinant through the collection of data; its integration, analysis, and interpretation into surveillance products; and the dissemination of those surveillance products to those who need to know

Answer 6

health surveillance

Question 7

The occurrence of disease in a population

Answer 7

morbidity

Question 8

The number of deaths due to that disease in population

Answer 8

mortality

Question 9

A type of ratio that shows the relationship between the total number and the frequency of occurrence in the case of a particular health event
The denominator must include the numerator

Answer 9

proportion

Question 10

A measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period
The basic measure in epidemiological studies

Answer 10

rate

Question 11

The probability that an event will occur within a specified period

Answer 11

risk

Question 12

Those persons for whom there exists a greater probability of the event occurring

Answer 12

high-risk population

Question 13

Reflects the number of new cases developing in a population at risk during a specified time
Estimates the risk of developing the disease in the observed population within a specified time

Answer 13

incidence rate

Question 14

Identifies the number of persons in a population that have a disease or have experienced an event at a specific period
The number of existing cases divided by the current population

Answer 14

prevalence rate

Question 15

of a disease, injury or other condition is the rate of occurrence that is usual in a population

Answer 15

endemic rate

Question 16

occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or condition clearly exceeds the usual level for that condition

Answer 16

epidemic

Question 17

of a disease, injury, or other condition is the rate of its occurrence in geographically widespread populations

Answer 17

pandemic rate

Question 18

what are the commonly used mortality rates?

Answer 18

Crude mortality rate
Age-specific rate
Cause-specific rate
Case fatality rate
Proportionate mortality ratio
Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates

Question 19

an animate or inanimate factor that must be present or lacking for a disease or condition to develop

Answer 19

agent

Question 20

living species capable of being infected or affected by an agent

Answer 20

host

Question 21

everything internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced by and influences the host and agent. Also includes social and physical factors

Answer 21

environment

Question 22

Interrelationships among factors that increase or decrease the risk of disease

Answer 22

the web for causation

Question 23

interventions to prevent the occurrence of disease, injury, or disability

Answer 23

primary prevention

Question 24

Early detection for disease during the preclinical period

Answer 24

secondary prevention

Question 25

Interventions aimed at minimizing disability and rehabilitation from disease, injury, or disability

Answer 25

teritary prevention

Question 26

The testing of groups of individuals who are at risk for a certain condition but do not manifest any symptoms, in order to determine the likelihood that these individuals will develop the disease

Answer 26

screening

Question 27

A disease of human or animal origin caused by infectious agent One that can be transmitted from one person to another Caused by agent that is infectious and transmitted from a source, or reservoir, to a susceptible host

Answer 27

communicable diseases

Question 28

The removal of the disease from a large geographic area, such as a country or region of the world

Answer 28

elimination

Question 29

The permanent elimincation of a disease worldwide

Answer 29

eradication

Question 30

what is the epidemiological triangle?

Answer 30

host infectious agent env

Question 31

what are the 4 main cat of infectious agents that can cause infection or disease?

Answer 31

Bacteria Fungi Parasites Viruses

Question 32

A human or animal host may harbour an infectious agent

Answer 32

host factor

Question 33

what are the four host factors that influence the spread of disease ?

Answer 33

resistance immunity herd immunity infectiousness

Question 34

the ability of the host to withstand infection

Answer 34

resistance

Question 35

the resistance of a group of ppl to invasion and spread of an infectious agent

Answer 35

herd immunity

Question 36

a resistance to an infectious agent

Answer 36

immunity

Question 37

a measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts

Answer 37

infectiousness

Question 38

All that is external to the human host: physical, biological, social, and cultural factors

Answer 38

env factor

Question 39

Passing an infection from parent to offspring through sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth

Answer 39

vertical transmission

Question 40

Person-to-person spread of infection

Answer 40

horizontal transmission

Question 41

The entry, development, and multiplication of the infefctious agent in the susceptible host

Answer 41

infection

Question 42

One of the possible outcomes of infection; may indicate a physiological dysfuntion or pathological reaction

Answer 42

DISEASE

Question 43

The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease

Answer 43

incubation period

Question 44

The time interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person

Answer 44

communicable period

Question 45

People with infectious diseases may exhibit a broad spectrum of disease that ranges from subclinical infection to severe and fatal disease

Answer 45

disease spectrum

Question 46

how are communicable diseases spread?

Answer 46

Droplet Airborne contact spread direct/indirect contact Fecal-oral route Blood or other bodily fluids

Question 47

how do we reduce the spread of communicable diseases?

Answer 47

Clean Cover Contain Choose to be vaccinated Charge your defences

Question 48

An infection that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and is highly contagious

Answer 48

chicken-pox

Question 49

It is caused by common respiratory virus: Human metapenumonvirus RSV Enterovirus Parainfluenza

Answer 49

common cold

Question 50

Is caused by the influenza virus. The most common strains are types A and B. influenza generally occurs every year in the late fall and winter months

Answer 50

influenza

Question 51

viral illness cuased by parvovirus

Answer 51

fifth disease

Question 52

A mild viral illness caused by the coxsakie virus

Answer 52

hand, foot, and mouth disease

Question 53

An acute viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

Answer 53

mononucleosis

Question 54

Infestation of tiny wingless insects that live and breed in the human hair Lay eggs, called nits, on hair shafts behind ears, on the crown etc

Answer 54

head lice

Question 55

A bacterial infection that starts with itchy watery eyes, progressing to yellowish drainage from eye

Answer 55

conjunctivitis

Question 56

Caused by streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria

Answer 56

impetigo

Question 57

The eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows beneath the skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs

Answer 57

scabies

Question 58

Infection caused by a number of different viruses, most commonly norovirus and rotavirus

Answer 58

gastroenteritis

Question 59

Can be caused by bacteria (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia), parasites (trichomoniasis), or viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes, HIV)

Answer 59

STIs

Question 60

A common STI caused by a bacteria

Answer 60

chlamydia

Question 61

Can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a very common infection, especially among young peoples ages 15-24

Answer 61

gonorrhea

Question 62

disease caused by a virus that infects the liver

Answer 62

hep C

Question 63

The most common STI. it is estimated that more than 70% sexually active canadian men and women will have a sexually transmitted HPV infection at some point in their lives Many different types

Answer 63

HPV

Question 64

STI caused by a bacteria that can result in serious health problems if it is not treated Is divided into stages and there are different S&S associated with each stage

Answer 64

syphilis

Question 65

Hosts ability to resist a particular infectious disease-casuing agent Body produces antibodies and lymphocytes that react with foreign organisms and render them harmless

Answer 65

immunity

Question 66

short term resistance acquired either naturally or artificially

Answer 66

passive immunity

Question 67

long term or life long resistance acquired naturally or artificially

Answer 67

active immunity

Question 68

persons immunity to one agent provides immunity to another related agent as well

Answer 68

cross immunity

Question 69

describes immunity level that is present in a population group

Answer 69

herd immunity

Question 70

Process of introducing some form of disease-causing organism into persons system to promote the development of antibodies that will resist disease Individual becomes immune to specific infectious disease causing agent

Answer 70

immunizations

Question 71

Made from live or an inactivated form of an organism

Answer 71

vaccines

Question 72

Weakened wild virus organism to create immune response

Answer 72

live vaccines

Question 73

Viral organism that has been inactivated by heat or chemical-cannot replicate

Answer 73

inactivated vaccines

Question 74

bacterial infection of the throat cause that can cause heart and liver failure. Spread through droplet from cough and sneezes. Highly contagious

Answer 74

diphtheria

Question 75

bacterial infection can lead to meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media and pneumonia. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions

Answer 75

haemophilus influenza type B

Question 76

viral infection that can have no symptoms or produce permanent liver damage and eventually liver cancer. Spread through infected blood and body fluids

Answer 76

hep B

Question 77

a viral infection that can lead to orchitis, swelling of the salivary glands, respiratory symptoms, deafness and meningitis. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

Answer 77

mumps

Question 78

a bacterial infection that can cause chronic resp disease. Can result in permanent brain damage and dealth. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions. Highly contagious

Answer 78

pertussis

Question 79

viral infection that can cause meningitis and affect the central nervous system to produce partial or complete paralysis. Spread through contact with the virus, usually by mouth

Answer 79

pollo

Question 80

viral infection that produces mild disease. Teratogenic if contracted by mother during first trimester. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

Answer 80

rubella

Question 81

viral illness. Gastroenteritis. Transmitted though the fecal-oral route

Answer 81

rotavirus

Question 82

a bacterial infection that affects the central nervous system causing muscle tetany that can result in death. Spread through breaks in the skin with soil, manure or dust containing the bacteria. Not contagious

Answer 82

tetanus

Question 83

viral infection that can produce encephalitis and can be fatal. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and is most contagious

Answer 83

measles

Question 84

a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the meninges. Spread through nasopharyngeal secretions and salvia

Answer 84

meningococcal

Question 85

bacteria infection causes otitis media, meningitis and pneumonia. Spread through droplet or indirect respiratory secretions of an affected person

Answer 85

pneumococcal

Question 86

viral infection causing chicken pox. Spread through air by cough and sneezing. Also spread by coughing or breathing in particles that come from chickenpox blisters. Can also be spread from ppl with shingles

Answer 86

varicella

Question 87

viral infection which can cause some types of cervical cancer and genital warts. Spread through sexual contact with an affected person

Answer 87

HPV

Question 88

not vaccine-preventable but is a communicable disease. Spread through coughing, sneezing, singing or talking

Answer 88

TB

Question 89

Separation of infected person from others for the period of communicability to limit transmission of infectious agent to susceptible persons

Answer 89

isolation

Question 90

Restrictions on healthy contacts of an infectious disease for the duration of the incubation period to prevent disease transmission

Answer 90

quarantine

Question 91

should be reconstituted or drawn up immediately before admin. They should be discarded if the vaccine has been drawn up or reconstituted and subsequently not used within the time frame specified by the manufacturer or jurisdictional guidelines

Answer 91

single dose vials

Question 92

should be marked with the date of initial entry into the vial and, if reconstituted, marked with the date and time of reconstitution. Some vaccines provided in multi-dose vials must be used within a specified time after initial puncturing of the vial or after reconstitution. This date will be different than the expiration date printed on the vial by the manufacturer. The new “use by” date should be written on the vial once it has been punctured

Answer 92

multi-dose vials