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community health nursing > Objective 3(1): discuss the concept of health promotion across the lifespan > Flashcards

Objective 3(1): discuss the concept of health promotion across the lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q
  • A strategy to improve health
  • The Ottawa Charter (1986) defined it as “enabling people
    to increase control over and to improve their health.”
A

health promotion

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2
Q

what is the CHN role in health promotion?

A
  • The community health nursing process
    combines judgement, action,
    responsibility, and accountability when
    planning care.
  • Community health nurses (CHNs) assist
    the patient to take responsibility for
    their health as well as encouraging the
    development of healthy public policy,
    community-based action, public
    participation, and advocacy
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3
Q
  • Health was defined as the absence of disease.
  • Health was measured using indicators of disease such as
    morbidity and mortality statistics
A

early to mid 1900s

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4
Q

 The World Health Organization (WHO) amended its
definition of health:
 “A state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”

A

1947

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5
Q
  • The Ottawa Charter defined health as a positive concept, a
    holistic resource for everyday living that includes physical,
    social, and personal capabilities.
  • “To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
    being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to
    realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope
    with the environment.”
A

1986

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6
Q

using strategies to help pts prevent and reduce the risk of injury

A

injury prevention

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7
Q

the presence of abnormal alterations in the structure or functioning of the human body that fits within the medical model

A

disease

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8
Q

an identifiable progression of a disease in an individual

A

disease course

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9
Q

An individual’s personal experience, perception, and reaction to a disease, whereby he or she is unable to
function at the desired “usual” level

A

illness

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10
Q

The activities taken by the health sector to prevent the
occurrence of disease (Primary), to detect and stop disease development (Secondary), and to reduce the negative effects once a disease is established (Tertiary)

A

disease prevention

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11
Q

The activities to maintain health by dealing with
immediate health risks

A

health protection

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12
Q

a disease prevention strategy that is used to avoid health problems and to remain at a low-risk level

A

risk avoidance

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13
Q

A disease prevention strategy that is used to reduce or alter health concerns so that the disease is detected and
treated early, to prevent moving to a high-risk level

A

risk reduction

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14
Q

A health promotion strategy that is used to increase
health and resiliency, to promote optimal health and well-being

A

health enhancement

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15
Q
  • strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an
    individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous
    behaviours that are difficult and in some cases,
    impossible to prevent
  • Includes strategies to decrease the adverse health
    consequences of substance abuse with the eventual
    goal of abstinence, as opposed to having abstinence be
    a prerequisite for program participation
A

harm reduction

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16
Q

The capacity of patients
as individuals, families,
groups, and communities
to manage effectively
when faced with
considerable adversity or risk.

A

resiliency

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17
Q

variables that create stress and challenge pts health status

A

risk factors

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18
Q

Variables such as individual characteristics, family
support systems, and environmental supports that help
patients manage the stressors associated with being at
risk

A

protective factors

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19
Q
  • “A New Perspective on the health of Canadians”
  • Initiated shift from a biomedical view
  • 4 Domains: Human biology, lifestyle, environment and health care
    system
  • Focused on lifestyle modification in health promotion
  • Led to healthy public policy (smoking, drinking and driving, sedentary
    lifestyles).
  • Criticism: Victim Blaming
A

the Lalonde Report

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20
Q
  • Addresses inequalities in health status between
    developing and developed countries
  • Primary Health care as chosen strategy for health care
    delivery
  • PHC identified social and environmental conditions as
    determinates of health
  • Need for intersectoral collaboration
  • Shift in power from health care providers to communities
    and the consumers of health care services
A

Alma-Alta Declaration

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21
Q
  • Defined and Developed Health promotion
  • Pre-requisites for health: peace, shelter,
    education, food income, stable ecosystem,
    sustainable resources, social justices, equity
  • Health Promotion Strategies: advocating,
    enabling, mediating
  • Health Care provider role changed from “in
    control” to “advocate, facilitator, support and
    mediator”
A

Ottawa Charter

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22
Q

what are the 5 action means of the Ottawa Charter?

A
  • Build Healthy Public Policy
  • Create Supportive Environments
  • Strengthen Community Action
  • Develop Personal Skills
  • Reorient Health Services
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23
Q
  • A Canadian Framework for Health Promotion
  • Goal “Health for All”
  • Focus:
  • Reduce health inequities
  • Increase prevention efforts
  • Enhance coping abilities
  • Mechanisms:
  • Self Care
  • Mutual aid
  • Healthy Environments
A

Epp Report

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24
Q
  • 2nd in 1988, Adelaide, Australia
  • Main Focuses:
  • Health Public Policy
  • Commitment to the Ottawa Charter
  • 3rd in 1991
  • Main Focus:
  • Supportive Environments to promote health at a
    community level
A

WHO global conferences on health promotion

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25
Q
  • Document “Strategies for Population Health: Investing in the
    health of Canadians”
  • Endorsed the Population health approach
  • Confusion: how does this relate to, or differ from Health
    promotion?
A

federal, provencial, and territoral advisory committee

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26
Q
  • Hamilton and Bhatti
  • Builds on Ottawa Charter (5 action means, determines of
    health and HP strategies)
  • Integrates challenges of reducing inequities (Epp Report)
  • Clarifies the relationship between Population Health and
    Health Promotion
  • 8 Elements
A

population health model

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27
Q

consider
health promotion interventions that shape the
behaviours of individuals or groups.
* Theory of Planned Behaviour
* Transtheoretical Model

A

individual-focused perspectives

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28
Q
  • Focuses on understanding and predicting individual
    changes to health behaviour.
  • Assumes a relationship among attitudes, beliefs,
    intention, and behaviour
A

theory of planned behaviour

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29
Q

what are the 5 stages of changing health behaviours?

A

precontemplation
contemplation
planning or preparation
action
maintenance

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30
Q

consider health as
more than an individual responsibility
 Diffusion of Innovation Theory
 Community Mobilization Framework

A

community-focused perspectives

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31
Q

what are the 5 categories of individuals adopt innovations at different rates?

A

innovators
early adopters
early majority
late majority
laggards

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32
Q

focused Perspective: considers the sociopolitical issues
impacting individual, family, group, community, population or system
problems

A

public policy

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33
Q
  • Have a system-level focus
  • Explore relationships between individuals and
    communities and between sociocultural and
    environmental factors
  • Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
A

ecological models

34
Q

what are the 3 approaches to viewing health?

A

biomedical
behavioural
socioenvironmental

35
Q
  • Have a system-level focus
  • Explore relationships between individuals and
    communities and between sociocultural and
    environmental factors
  • Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
A

biomedical approach

36
Q
  • First introduced in the Lalonde Report
    (1974) and has been further developed
    since then
  • Focuses on using lifestyle changes,
    especially behavioural risk factors, to
    promote health (e.g., obesity is a risk factor
    for hypertension)
A

behavioural approach

37
Q
  • Started with the Alma-Ata Conference on Primary
    Health Care in 1978
  • Focuses on health as a resource and considers the
    psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to
    the Determinants of Health in relation to health and
    health promotion
  • The Senate Subcommittee on Population Health
    (2009) recommends a focus on the Determinants of
    Health and the population health framework as an
    investment in Canada’s future.
A

socioenvironmental approach

38
Q
  • The process of involving the community in
    identifying and strengthening the daily, cultural,
    and political aspects of life that promote and
    support health
  • The goal is a secure and healthy community with
    buy-in from all community members
A

community development

39
Q
  • Recognizing and utilizing strengths (rather than deficits)—
    such as available services, resources, and programs—in
    order to assist communities, individuals, or organizations to
    resolve their health issues
A

capacity building

40
Q

serves as the starting point for
determining the resources and assets available in the
community

A

asset mapping

41
Q

Individuals in a community working together as a
group to influence healthy public policy and to bring
about change regarding a health issue

A

community mobilization

42
Q
  • Connect programs and services to community groups
  • Decision-making power usually rests with the sponsoring
    organization or professional, not with community participants.
A

community-based strategies

43
Q
  • Involve a health concern or issue defined by community residents,
    rather than by a sponsoring organization or professional
  • Decision-making power rests primarily with community residents.
A

community development strategies

44
Q
  • A key concept in health promotion
  • Refers to an active process whereby individuals, groups, and
    communities are able to state their health requirements and
    be involved in and take charge of the strategies required to
    achieve improved health
A

empowerment

45
Q

Policy that has a positive effect on or promotes health

A

healthy public policy

46
Q

Creating environments that support health and reduce
inequities in health and social policies

A

building healthy public policy

47
Q

The ability to access, understand, evaluate, and
communicate information as a way to promote, maintain,
and improve health in a variety of settings across the
lifespan

A

health literacy

48
Q

what are the 4 Ps of social marketing?

A

product
price
place
promotion

49
Q
  • Identified as a health promotion mechanism
  • Also called “self-help”
  • A process whereby persons share common
    experiences, situations, or problems with
    others and view each other as equals.
A

mutual aid

50
Q
  • Action taken to influence decision makers in
    communities and governments to support a policy or
    cause that is health promoting.
  • Enhances the power of individuals and communities
    by having them participate in identifying their
    problems or issues and in developing solutions
A

advocacy

51
Q

what are 2 skills that CHNs use in their health promotion practice?

A

working in focus groups
preparing funding proposal applications

52
Q
  • Refers to the uniqueness of the patient within the cultural context
  • The similarities, differences, and power relations across age, gender, race,
    religion, occupation, sexual orientation, and poverty.
  • Focuses on patient assets that build capacity
A

diversity

53
Q

what are the 2 types of diversity?

A

visible
invisible

54
Q

People of colour; people who are neither Indigenous nor White (according to
Statistics Canada)

A

visible minority

55
Q

Terminology more commonly used to indicate “visible minority” status.
* Includes Indigenous people

A

racially visible

56
Q

Common values and ways of thinking and acting within a
group that differ from those of another group
A set of beliefs, values, and assumptions
about life that are widely held among a group
of people and that are transmitted across
generations

A

culture

57
Q

what are the distinguishing features of culture?

A
    1. Culture is Learned
    1. Culture is Adaptive
    1. Culture is dynamic
    1. Culture is Invisible
    1. Culture is Shared
    1. Culture is Selective
58
Q

Primarily a social classification based on an imagined
hierarchy of human value that relies on physical markers
(such as skin colour) to identify group membership

A

race

59
Q
  • Refers to cultural membership
  • Is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns
    (e.g., beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, traditions) that
    over time create a common history that is resistant to
    change
A

ethnicity

60
Q

what are the types of diversity?

A

ethnic
linguistic
religious
sexuality and gender
disability/diverse

61
Q

A belief that promotes the recognition of diversity
of citizens with respect to their ancestry and
supports acceptance and belonging

A

multiculturalism

62
Q

A process whereby health care professionals
respect, accept, and apply knowledge and skill
appropriate to patient interactions without
allowing their personal beliefs to influence the
patients’ differing views

A

cultural competence

63
Q

what are the key attributes of cultural competence?

A
  • Cultural awareness
  • Cultural knowledge
  • Cultural understanding
  • Cultural sensitivity
  • Cultural interaction
  • Cultural skill
  • Cultural proficiency
64
Q

Can be thought of in terms of response to skin
colour, ethnic origin, or religion, but may also
occur on the basis of other aspects of culture
(e.g., cultural celebrations, traditional food,
traditional dress)

A

racism

65
Q

what are the 2 types of racism?

A

over
systemic

66
Q

It involves gaining an understanding of
others’ health beliefs and practices so that
one’s actions demonstrate working toward
equity and the avoidance of discrimination,
through recognition of and respect for
cultural identity, so that a power balance
exists between health care provider and
patient.

A

cultural safety

67
Q

an initial understanding that variations exist

A

cultural awareness

68
Q

showing respect and valuing cultural diversity

A

cultural sensitivity

69
Q
  • A commitment to actively taking responsibility for seeking to
    understand the culture and experiences of others.
  • Being comfortable with not being the expert
  • Knowing one can never know fully about the experience,
    history, and background of another.
A

cultural humility

70
Q

what are the factors to consider during and cultural assessment?

A

 Cultural uniqueness of individuals
 Communication
 Space
 Social organization
 Time
 Biological variations

71
Q

A person who arrives in a country to settle there, for
a variety of reasons and with a variety of
background experiences

A

newcomer

72
Q

A person who has chosen to live in Canada, has
been accepted by the Government of Canada, and
may apply for permanent residency

A

immigrant

73
Q

A person who has come to Canada without
choice, having had to leave their own
country because of persecution or war, or
having lived in a refugee camp

A

refugee

74
Q

The process by which a spoken or signed message in
one language is relayed, with the same meaning, in
another language

A

interpretation

75
Q

what are the types of interpreters?

A

linguistic
cultural
translation

76
Q

spoken word only

A

linguistic interpretation

77
Q

interpretation of spoken
word with additional information about the culture

A

cultural interpretation

78
Q

written conversion of one language into another

A

translation

79
Q

refers
to the practice of health
enhancing behaviours that
support, improve, maintain,
and enhance population
health

A

healthy living

80
Q

can
reduce the incidence of
certain chronic diseases and
therefore contributes to
quality of life.
should encompass not only
behavioural change, but also a
strong policy framework that
creates a supportive
environment for change and
empowers populations to gain
more control over lifestyle
decisions.
102

A

healthy living approach

community health nursing (11 decks)

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