Objective 3(1): discuss the concept of health promotion across the lifespan

Question 1

• A strategy to improve health
• The Ottawa Charter (1986) defined it as “enabling people
  to increase control over and to improve their health.”

Answer 1

health promotion

Question 2

what is the CHN role in health promotion?

Answer 2

• The community health nursing process
  combines judgement, action,
  responsibility, and accountability when
  planning care.
• Community health nurses (CHNs) assist
  the patient to take responsibility for
  their health as well as encouraging the
  development of healthy public policy,
  community-based action, public
  participation, and advocacy

Question 3

• Health was defined as the absence of disease.
• Health was measured using indicators of disease such as
  morbidity and mortality statistics

Answer 3

early to mid 1900s

Question 4

 The World Health Organization (WHO) amended its
definition of health:
 “A state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”

Answer 4

1947

Question 5

• The Ottawa Charter defined health as a positive concept, a
  holistic resource for everyday living that includes physical,
  social, and personal capabilities.
• “To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
  being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to
  realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope
  with the environment.”

Answer 5

1986

Question 6

using strategies to help pts prevent and reduce the risk of injury

Answer 6

injury prevention

Question 7

the presence of abnormal alterations in the structure or functioning of the human body that fits within the medical model

Answer 7

disease

Question 8

an identifiable progression of a disease in an individual

Answer 8

disease course

Question 9

An individual’s personal experience, perception, and reaction to a disease, whereby he or she is unable to
function at the desired “usual” level

Answer 9

illness

Question 10

The activities taken by the health sector to prevent the
occurrence of disease (Primary), to detect and stop disease development (Secondary), and to reduce the negative effects once a disease is established (Tertiary)

Answer 10

disease prevention

Question 11

The activities to maintain health by dealing with
immediate health risks

Answer 11

health protection

Question 12

a disease prevention strategy that is used to avoid health problems and to remain at a low-risk level

Answer 12

risk avoidance

Question 13

A disease prevention strategy that is used to reduce or alter health concerns so that the disease is detected and
treated early, to prevent moving to a high-risk level

Answer 13

risk reduction

Question 14

A health promotion strategy that is used to increase
health and resiliency, to promote optimal health and well-being

Answer 14

health enhancement

Question 15

• strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an
  individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous
  behaviours that are difficult and in some cases,
  impossible to prevent
• Includes strategies to decrease the adverse health
  consequences of substance abuse with the eventual
  goal of abstinence, as opposed to having abstinence be
  a prerequisite for program participation

Answer 15

harm reduction

Question 16

The capacity of patients
as individuals, families,
groups, and communities
to manage effectively
when faced with
considerable adversity or risk.

Answer 16

resiliency

Question 17

variables that create stress and challenge pts health status

Answer 17

risk factors

Question 18

Variables such as individual characteristics, family
support systems, and environmental supports that help
patients manage the stressors associated with being at
risk

Answer 18

protective factors

Question 19

• “A New Perspective on the health of Canadians”
• Initiated shift from a biomedical view
• 4 Domains: Human biology, lifestyle, environment and health care
  system
• Focused on lifestyle modification in health promotion
• Led to healthy public policy (smoking, drinking and driving, sedentary
  lifestyles).
• Criticism: Victim Blaming

Answer 19

the Lalonde Report

Question 20

• Addresses inequalities in health status between
  developing and developed countries
• Primary Health care as chosen strategy for health care
  delivery
• PHC identified social and environmental conditions as
  determinates of health
• Need for intersectoral collaboration
• Shift in power from health care providers to communities
  and the consumers of health care services

Answer 20

Alma-Alta Declaration

Question 21

• Defined and Developed Health promotion
• Pre-requisites for health: peace, shelter,
  education, food income, stable ecosystem,
  sustainable resources, social justices, equity
• Health Promotion Strategies: advocating,
  enabling, mediating
• Health Care provider role changed from “in
  control” to “advocate, facilitator, support and
  mediator”

Answer 21

Ottawa Charter

Question 22

what are the 5 action means of the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 22

• Build Healthy Public Policy
• Create Supportive Environments
• Strengthen Community Action
• Develop Personal Skills
• Reorient Health Services

Question 23

• A Canadian Framework for Health Promotion
• Goal “Health for All”
• Focus:
• Reduce health inequities
• Increase prevention efforts
• Enhance coping abilities
• Mechanisms:
• Self Care
• Mutual aid
• Healthy Environments

Answer 23

Epp Report

Question 24

• 2nd in 1988, Adelaide, Australia
• Main Focuses:
• Health Public Policy
• Commitment to the Ottawa Charter
• 3rd in 1991
• Main Focus:
• Supportive Environments to promote health at a
  community level

Answer 24

WHO global conferences on health promotion

Question 25

• Document “Strategies for Population Health: Investing in the
  health of Canadians”
• Endorsed the Population health approach
• Confusion: how does this relate to, or differ from Health
  promotion?

Answer 25

federal, provencial, and territoral advisory committee

Question 26

• Hamilton and Bhatti
• Builds on Ottawa Charter (5 action means, determines of
  health and HP strategies)
• Integrates challenges of reducing inequities (Epp Report)
• Clarifies the relationship between Population Health and
  Health Promotion
• 8 Elements

Answer 26

population health model

Question 27

consider
health promotion interventions that shape the
behaviours of individuals or groups.
* Theory of Planned Behaviour
* Transtheoretical Model

Answer 27

individual-focused perspectives

Question 28

• Focuses on understanding and predicting individual
  changes to health behaviour.
• Assumes a relationship among attitudes, beliefs,
  intention, and behaviour

Answer 28

theory of planned behaviour

Question 29

what are the 5 stages of changing health behaviours?

Answer 29

precontemplation
contemplation
planning or preparation
action
maintenance

Question 30

consider health as
more than an individual responsibility
 Diffusion of Innovation Theory
 Community Mobilization Framework

Answer 30

community-focused perspectives

Question 31

what are the 5 categories of individuals adopt innovations at different rates?

Answer 31

innovators
early adopters
early majority
late majority
laggards

Question 32

focused Perspective: considers the sociopolitical issues
impacting individual, family, group, community, population or system
problems

Answer 32

public policy

Question 33

• Have a system-level focus
• Explore relationships between individuals and
  communities and between sociocultural and
  environmental factors
• Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Answer 33

ecological models

Question 34

what are the 3 approaches to viewing health?

Answer 34

biomedical
behavioural
socioenvironmental

Question 35

• Have a system-level focus
• Explore relationships between individuals and
  communities and between sociocultural and
  environmental factors
• Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Answer 35

biomedical approach

Question 36

• First introduced in the Lalonde Report
  (1974) and has been further developed
  since then
• Focuses on using lifestyle changes,
  especially behavioural risk factors, to
  promote health (e.g., obesity is a risk factor
  for hypertension)

Answer 36

behavioural approach

Question 37

• Started with the Alma-Ata Conference on Primary
  Health Care in 1978
• Focuses on health as a resource and considers the
  psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to
  the Determinants of Health in relation to health and
  health promotion
• The Senate Subcommittee on Population Health
  (2009) recommends a focus on the Determinants of
  Health and the population health framework as an
  investment in Canada’s future.

Answer 37

socioenvironmental approach

Question 38

• The process of involving the community in
  identifying and strengthening the daily, cultural,
  and political aspects of life that promote and
  support health
• The goal is a secure and healthy community with
  buy-in from all community members

Answer 38

community development

Question 39

• Recognizing and utilizing strengths (rather than deficits)—
  such as available services, resources, and programs—in
  order to assist communities, individuals, or organizations to
  resolve their health issues

Answer 39

capacity building

Question 40

serves as the starting point for
determining the resources and assets available in the
community

Answer 40

asset mapping

Question 41

Individuals in a community working together as a
group to influence healthy public policy and to bring
about change regarding a health issue

Answer 41

community mobilization

Question 42

• Connect programs and services to community groups
• Decision-making power usually rests with the sponsoring
  organization or professional, not with community participants.

Answer 42

community-based strategies

Question 43

• Involve a health concern or issue defined by community residents,
  rather than by a sponsoring organization or professional
• Decision-making power rests primarily with community residents.

Answer 43

community development strategies

Question 44

• A key concept in health promotion
• Refers to an active process whereby individuals, groups, and
  communities are able to state their health requirements and
  be involved in and take charge of the strategies required to
  achieve improved health

Answer 44

empowerment

Question 45

Policy that has a positive effect on or promotes health

Answer 45

healthy public policy

Question 46

Creating environments that support health and reduce
inequities in health and social policies

Answer 46

building healthy public policy

Question 47

The ability to access, understand, evaluate, and
communicate information as a way to promote, maintain,
and improve health in a variety of settings across the
lifespan

Answer 47

health literacy

Question 48

what are the 4 Ps of social marketing?

Answer 48

product
price
place
promotion

Question 49

• Identified as a health promotion mechanism
• Also called “self-help”
• A process whereby persons share common
  experiences, situations, or problems with
  others and view each other as equals.

Answer 49

mutual aid

Question 50

• Action taken to influence decision makers in
  communities and governments to support a policy or
  cause that is health promoting.
• Enhances the power of individuals and communities
  by having them participate in identifying their
  problems or issues and in developing solutions

Answer 50

advocacy

Question 51

what are 2 skills that CHNs use in their health promotion practice?

Answer 51

working in focus groups
preparing funding proposal applications

Question 52

• Refers to the uniqueness of the patient within the cultural context
• The similarities, differences, and power relations across age, gender, race,
  religion, occupation, sexual orientation, and poverty.
• Focuses on patient assets that build capacity

Answer 52

diversity

Question 53

what are the 2 types of diversity?

Answer 53

visible
invisible

Question 54

People of colour; people who are neither Indigenous nor White (according to
Statistics Canada)

Answer 54

visible minority

Question 55

Terminology more commonly used to indicate “visible minority” status.
* Includes Indigenous people

Answer 55

racially visible

Question 56

Common values and ways of thinking and acting within a
group that differ from those of another group
A set of beliefs, values, and assumptions
about life that are widely held among a group
of people and that are transmitted across
generations

Answer 56

culture

Question 57

what are the distinguishing features of culture?

Answer 57

• 1. Culture is Learned
• 2. Culture is Adaptive
• 3. Culture is dynamic
• 4. Culture is Invisible
• 5. Culture is Shared
• 6. Culture is Selective

Question 58

Primarily a social classification based on an imagined
hierarchy of human value that relies on physical markers
(such as skin colour) to identify group membership

Answer 58

race

Question 59

• Refers to cultural membership
• Is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns
  (e.g., beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, traditions) that
  over time create a common history that is resistant to
  change

Answer 59

ethnicity

Question 60

what are the types of diversity?

Answer 60

ethnic
linguistic
religious
sexuality and gender
disability/diverse

Question 61

A belief that promotes the recognition of diversity
of citizens with respect to their ancestry and
supports acceptance and belonging

Answer 61

multiculturalism

Question 62

A process whereby health care professionals
respect, accept, and apply knowledge and skill
appropriate to patient interactions without
allowing their personal beliefs to influence the
patients’ differing views

Answer 62

cultural competence

Question 63

what are the key attributes of cultural competence?

Answer 63

• Cultural awareness
• Cultural knowledge
• Cultural understanding
• Cultural sensitivity
• Cultural interaction
• Cultural skill
• Cultural proficiency

Question 64

Can be thought of in terms of response to skin
colour, ethnic origin, or religion, but may also
occur on the basis of other aspects of culture
(e.g., cultural celebrations, traditional food,
traditional dress)

Answer 64

racism

Question 65

what are the 2 types of racism?

Answer 65

over
systemic

Question 66

It involves gaining an understanding of
others’ health beliefs and practices so that
one’s actions demonstrate working toward
equity and the avoidance of discrimination,
through recognition of and respect for
cultural identity, so that a power balance
exists between health care provider and
patient.

Answer 66

cultural safety

Question 67

an initial understanding that variations exist

Answer 67

cultural awareness

Question 68

showing respect and valuing cultural diversity

Answer 68

cultural sensitivity

Question 69

• A commitment to actively taking responsibility for seeking to
  understand the culture and experiences of others.
• Being comfortable with not being the expert
• Knowing one can never know fully about the experience,
  history, and background of another.

Answer 69

cultural humility

Question 70

what are the factors to consider during and cultural assessment?

Answer 70

 Cultural uniqueness of individuals
 Communication
 Space
 Social organization
 Time
 Biological variations

Question 71

A person who arrives in a country to settle there, for
a variety of reasons and with a variety of
background experiences

Answer 71

newcomer

Question 72

A person who has chosen to live in Canada, has
been accepted by the Government of Canada, and
may apply for permanent residency

Answer 72

immigrant

Question 73

A person who has come to Canada without
choice, having had to leave their own
country because of persecution or war, or
having lived in a refugee camp

Answer 73

refugee

Question 74

The process by which a spoken or signed message in
one language is relayed, with the same meaning, in
another language

Answer 74

interpretation

Question 75

what are the types of interpreters?

Answer 75

linguistic
cultural
translation

Question 76

spoken word only

Answer 76

linguistic interpretation

Question 77

interpretation of spoken
word with additional information about the culture

Answer 77

cultural interpretation

Question 78

written conversion of one language into another

Answer 78

translation

Question 79

refers
to the practice of health
enhancing behaviours that
support, improve, maintain,
and enhance population
health

Answer 79

healthy living

Question 80

can
reduce the incidence of
certain chronic diseases and
therefore contributes to
quality of life.
should encompass not only
behavioural change, but also a
strong policy framework that
creates a supportive
environment for change and
empowers populations to gain
more control over lifestyle
decisions.
102

Answer 80

healthy living approach