Objective 3(1): discuss the concept of health promotion across the lifespan Flashcards
1
Q
- A strategy to improve health
- The Ottawa Charter (1986) defined it as “enabling people
to increase control over and to improve their health.”
A
health promotion
2
Q
what is the CHN role in health promotion?
A
- The community health nursing process
combines judgement, action,
responsibility, and accountability when
planning care. - Community health nurses (CHNs) assist
the patient to take responsibility for
their health as well as encouraging the
development of healthy public policy,
community-based action, public
participation, and advocacy
3
Q
- Health was defined as the absence of disease.
- Health was measured using indicators of disease such as
morbidity and mortality statistics
A
early to mid 1900s
4
Q
The World Health Organization (WHO) amended its
definition of health:
“A state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”
A
1947
5
Q
- The Ottawa Charter defined health as a positive concept, a
holistic resource for everyday living that includes physical,
social, and personal capabilities. - “To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to
realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope
with the environment.”
A
1986
6
Q
using strategies to help pts prevent and reduce the risk of injury
A
injury prevention
7
Q
the presence of abnormal alterations in the structure or functioning of the human body that fits within the medical model
A
disease
8
Q
an identifiable progression of a disease in an individual
A
disease course
9
Q
An individual’s personal experience, perception, and reaction to a disease, whereby he or she is unable to
function at the desired “usual” level
A
illness
10
Q
The activities taken by the health sector to prevent the
occurrence of disease (Primary), to detect and stop disease development (Secondary), and to reduce the negative effects once a disease is established (Tertiary)
A
disease prevention
11
Q
The activities to maintain health by dealing with
immediate health risks
A
health protection
12
Q
a disease prevention strategy that is used to avoid health problems and to remain at a low-risk level
A
risk avoidance
13
Q
A disease prevention strategy that is used to reduce or alter health concerns so that the disease is detected and
treated early, to prevent moving to a high-risk level
A
risk reduction
14
Q
A health promotion strategy that is used to increase
health and resiliency, to promote optimal health and well-being
A
health enhancement
15
Q
- strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an
individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous
behaviours that are difficult and in some cases,
impossible to prevent - Includes strategies to decrease the adverse health
consequences of substance abuse with the eventual
goal of abstinence, as opposed to having abstinence be
a prerequisite for program participation
A
harm reduction
16
Q
The capacity of patients
as individuals, families,
groups, and communities
to manage effectively
when faced with
considerable adversity or risk.
A
resiliency
17
Q
variables that create stress and challenge pts health status
A
risk factors
18
Q
Variables such as individual characteristics, family
support systems, and environmental supports that help
patients manage the stressors associated with being at
risk
A
protective factors
19
Q
- “A New Perspective on the health of Canadians”
- Initiated shift from a biomedical view
- 4 Domains: Human biology, lifestyle, environment and health care
system - Focused on lifestyle modification in health promotion
- Led to healthy public policy (smoking, drinking and driving, sedentary
lifestyles). - Criticism: Victim Blaming
A
the Lalonde Report
20
Q
- Addresses inequalities in health status between
developing and developed countries - Primary Health care as chosen strategy for health care
delivery - PHC identified social and environmental conditions as
determinates of health - Need for intersectoral collaboration
- Shift in power from health care providers to communities
and the consumers of health care services
A
Alma-Alta Declaration
21
Q
- Defined and Developed Health promotion
- Pre-requisites for health: peace, shelter,
education, food income, stable ecosystem,
sustainable resources, social justices, equity - Health Promotion Strategies: advocating,
enabling, mediating - Health Care provider role changed from “in
control” to “advocate, facilitator, support and
mediator”
A
Ottawa Charter
22
Q
what are the 5 action means of the Ottawa Charter?
A
- Build Healthy Public Policy
- Create Supportive Environments
- Strengthen Community Action
- Develop Personal Skills
- Reorient Health Services
23
Q
- A Canadian Framework for Health Promotion
- Goal “Health for All”
- Focus:
- Reduce health inequities
- Increase prevention efforts
- Enhance coping abilities
- Mechanisms:
- Self Care
- Mutual aid
- Healthy Environments
A
Epp Report
24
Q
- 2nd in 1988, Adelaide, Australia
- Main Focuses:
- Health Public Policy
- Commitment to the Ottawa Charter
- 3rd in 1991
- Main Focus:
- Supportive Environments to promote health at a
community level
A
WHO global conferences on health promotion
25
* Document “Strategies for Population Health: Investing in the
health of Canadians”
* Endorsed the Population health approach
* Confusion: how does this relate to, or differ from Health
promotion?
federal, provencial, and territoral advisory committee
26
* Hamilton and Bhatti
* Builds on Ottawa Charter (5 action means, determines of
health and HP strategies)
* Integrates challenges of reducing inequities (Epp Report)
* Clarifies the relationship between Population Health and
Health Promotion
* 8 Elements
population health model
27
consider
health promotion interventions that shape the
behaviours of individuals or groups.
* Theory of Planned Behaviour
* Transtheoretical Model
individual-focused perspectives
28
* Focuses on understanding and predicting individual
changes to health behaviour.
* Assumes a relationship among attitudes, beliefs,
intention, and behaviour
theory of planned behaviour
29
what are the 5 stages of changing health behaviours?
precontemplation
contemplation
planning or preparation
action
maintenance
30
consider health as
more than an individual responsibility
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Community Mobilization Framework
community-focused perspectives
31
what are the 5 categories of individuals adopt innovations at different rates?
innovators
early adopters
early majority
late majority
laggards
32
focused Perspective: considers the sociopolitical issues
impacting individual, family, group, community, population or system
problems
public policy
33
* Have a system-level focus
* Explore relationships between individuals and
communities and between sociocultural and
environmental factors
* Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
ecological models
34
what are the 3 approaches to viewing health?
biomedical
behavioural
socioenvironmental
35
* Have a system-level focus
* Explore relationships between individuals and
communities and between sociocultural and
environmental factors
* Example: PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
biomedical approach
36
* First introduced in the Lalonde Report
(1974) and has been further developed
since then
* Focuses on using lifestyle changes,
especially behavioural risk factors, to
promote health (e.g., obesity is a risk factor
for hypertension)
behavioural approach
37
* Started with the Alma-Ata Conference on Primary
Health Care in 1978
* Focuses on health as a resource and considers the
psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to
the Determinants of Health in relation to health and
health promotion
* The Senate Subcommittee on Population Health
(2009) recommends a focus on the Determinants of
Health and the population health framework as an
investment in Canada’s future.
socioenvironmental approach
38
* The process of involving the community in
identifying and strengthening the daily, cultural,
and political aspects of life that promote and
support health
* The goal is a secure and healthy community with
buy-in from all community members
community development
39
* Recognizing and utilizing strengths (rather than deficits)—
such as available services, resources, and programs—in
order to assist communities, individuals, or organizations to
resolve their health issues
capacity building
40
serves as the starting point for
determining the resources and assets available in the
community
asset mapping
41
Individuals in a community working together as a
group to influence healthy public policy and to bring
about change regarding a health issue
community mobilization
42
* Connect programs and services to community groups
* Decision-making power usually rests with the sponsoring
organization or professional, not with community participants.
community-based strategies
43
* Involve a health concern or issue defined by community residents,
rather than by a sponsoring organization or professional
* Decision-making power rests primarily with community residents.
community development strategies
44
* A key concept in health promotion
* Refers to an active process whereby individuals, groups, and
communities are able to state their health requirements and
be involved in and take charge of the strategies required to
achieve improved health
empowerment
45
Policy that has a positive effect on or promotes health
healthy public policy
46
Creating environments that support health and reduce
inequities in health and social policies
building healthy public policy
47
The ability to access, understand, evaluate, and
communicate information as a way to promote, maintain,
and improve health in a variety of settings across the
lifespan
health literacy
48
what are the 4 Ps of social marketing?
product
price
place
promotion
49
* Identified as a health promotion mechanism
* Also called “self-help”
* A process whereby persons share common
experiences, situations, or problems with
others and view each other as equals.
mutual aid
50
* Action taken to influence decision makers in
communities and governments to support a policy or
cause that is health promoting.
* Enhances the power of individuals and communities
by having them participate in identifying their
problems or issues and in developing solutions
advocacy
51
what are 2 skills that CHNs use in their health promotion practice?
working in focus groups
preparing funding proposal applications
52
* Refers to the uniqueness of the patient within the cultural context
* The similarities, differences, and power relations across age, gender, race,
religion, occupation, sexual orientation, and poverty.
* Focuses on patient assets that build capacity
diversity
53
what are the 2 types of diversity?
visible
invisible
54
People of colour; people who are neither Indigenous nor White (according to
Statistics Canada)
visible minority
55
Terminology more commonly used to indicate “visible minority” status.
* Includes Indigenous people
racially visible
56
Common values and ways of thinking and acting within a
group that differ from those of another group
A set of beliefs, values, and assumptions
about life that are widely held among a group
of people and that are transmitted across
generations
culture
57
what are the distinguishing features of culture?
* 1. Culture is Learned
* 2. Culture is Adaptive
* 3. Culture is dynamic
* 4. Culture is Invisible
* 5. Culture is Shared
* 6. Culture is Selective
58
Primarily a social classification based on an imagined
hierarchy of human value that relies on physical markers
(such as skin colour) to identify group membership
race
59
* Refers to cultural membership
* Is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns
(e.g., beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, traditions) that
over time create a common history that is resistant to
change
ethnicity
60
what are the types of diversity?
ethnic
linguistic
religious
sexuality and gender
disability/diverse
61
A belief that promotes the recognition of diversity
of citizens with respect to their ancestry and
supports acceptance and belonging
multiculturalism
62
A process whereby health care professionals
respect, accept, and apply knowledge and skill
appropriate to patient interactions without
allowing their personal beliefs to influence the
patients’ differing views
cultural competence
63
what are the key attributes of cultural competence?
* Cultural awareness
* Cultural knowledge
* Cultural understanding
* Cultural sensitivity
* Cultural interaction
* Cultural skill
* Cultural proficiency
64
Can be thought of in terms of response to skin
colour, ethnic origin, or religion, but may also
occur on the basis of other aspects of culture
(e.g., cultural celebrations, traditional food,
traditional dress)
racism
65
what are the 2 types of racism?
over
systemic
66
It involves gaining an understanding of
others’ health beliefs and practices so that
one’s actions demonstrate working toward
equity and the avoidance of discrimination,
through recognition of and respect for
cultural identity, so that a power balance
exists between health care provider and
patient.
cultural safety
67
an initial understanding that variations exist
cultural awareness
68
showing respect and valuing cultural diversity
cultural sensitivity
69
* A commitment to actively taking responsibility for seeking to
understand the culture and experiences of others.
* Being comfortable with not being the expert
* Knowing one can never know fully about the experience,
history, and background of another.
cultural humility
70
what are the factors to consider during and cultural assessment?
Cultural uniqueness of individuals
Communication
Space
Social organization
Time
Biological variations
71
A person who arrives in a country to settle there, for
a variety of reasons and with a variety of
background experiences
newcomer
72
A person who has chosen to live in Canada, has
been accepted by the Government of Canada, and
may apply for permanent residency
immigrant
73
A person who has come to Canada without
choice, having had to leave their own
country because of persecution or war, or
having lived in a refugee camp
refugee
74
The process by which a spoken or signed message in
one language is relayed, with the same meaning, in
another language
interpretation
75
what are the types of interpreters?
linguistic
cultural
translation
76
spoken word only
linguistic interpretation
77
interpretation of spoken
word with additional information about the culture
cultural interpretation
78
written conversion of one language into another
translation
79
refers
to the practice of health
enhancing behaviours that
support, improve, maintain,
and enhance population
health
healthy living
80
can
reduce the incidence of
certain chronic diseases and
therefore contributes to
quality of life.
should encompass not only
behavioural change, but also a
strong policy framework that
creates a supportive
environment for change and
empowers populations to gain
more control over lifestyle
decisions.
102
healthy living approach
