Objective 2.5-2.6: population health model

Question 1

the fair distribution of society’s
benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. It focuses on the
relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society as well as on the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them

Answer 1

social justice

Question 2

what are the ethical responsibilities to uphold principles of justice?

Answer 2

 Not discriminating based on race, gender, or any attribute
 Respecting the history of Indigenous people
 Refraining from judging, labelling, or any stigmatizing behaviour toward
anyone
 Refraining from lying, punishing, torture, or any form of inhumane
treatment
 Providing care for all people (victim or perpetrator) and refraining from
workplace bullying
 Making fair decisions about access to resources
 Advocating for evidence in decision making and all policies
 Working collaboratively to develop moral community

Question 3

 Differences in social status within and between populations
have a significant impact on the health status of the larger
community where those differences occur.
 If the gap in social status is large, the health of the overall
population decreases, health care costs increase, and
disharmony associated with exclusion is caused.
 The core function of public health practice is to improve the
health of the whole population by advancing health equity.

Answer 3

equity/inequity

Question 4

what are the three principles of action to advance health equity?

Answer 4

1. Improve the conditions of daily life, i.e., the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
2. Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources—the structural drivers of those conditions of daily life—globally, nationally, and locally.
3. Measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base, develop a workforce trained in the social determinants of health, and raise public
   awareness about the social determinants of health. (WHO, 2008).

Question 5

An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on
improving health and achieving equity in health for all people
worldwide

Answer 5

global health

Question 6

 Saw nursing as a call to service
 Thought nurses should be people of good character
 Gave enduring morals and values to the profession of nursing
 Passionate about the need to provide care to vulnerable people
 Importance of sanitary environment

Answer 6

Florence nightingale

Question 7

A branch of philosophy that includes both a body of knowledge
about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what
persons ought to do or be, regarding this life

Answer 7

ethics

Question 8

what are some general ethical obligations we have as members of society?

Answer 8

1. Not to harm others
2. To respect others
3. To tell the truth
4. To keep promises

Question 9

what are the 3 main branches of ethics?

Answer 9

meta-ethics
normative ethics
applied ethics

Question 10

seeks to understand the nature of morality and how human values are developed and maintained

Answer 10

meta-ethics

Question 11

concerned with the general principles or obligations
that guide human actions

Answer 11

normative ethics

Question 12

relates to the application of ethical principles to
situations people face in everyday life

Answer 12

applied ethics

Question 13

where we are concerned about
life issues in relation to the principles of autonomy, beneficence,
non-maleficence, and distributive justice.

Answer 13

bioethics

Question 14

A framework that nurses use to guide their ethical obligations and actions within the profession
 Clarify the values and guidelines of ethical conduct in nursing practice.

Answer 14

nursing code of ethics

Question 15

the Code for Professional Nurses was adopted by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and revised five times.

Answer 15

1950

Question 16

The first known international code of ethics for nursing,
developed by the International Council of Nurses (ICN), was adopted in Canada.

Answer 16

1954

Question 17

The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) Code of Ethics was
developed; it was adopted in 1985 as the Code of Ethics for Nursing

Answer 17

1980

Question 18

what are the 7 nursing values and ethical responsibilities for Rns?

Answer 18

1. Providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care
2. Promoting health and well-being
3. Promoting respecting informed decision-making
4. Preserving dignity
5. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality
6. Promoting justice
7. Being accountable

Question 19

That component of ethics focusing on the process of how ethical
decisions are made.

Answer 19

ethical decision making

Question 20

Moral challenges facing the nursing profession

Answer 20

ethical issues

Question 21

Puzzling moral problems in which morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action are envisioned

Answer 21

ethical dilemmas

Question 22

 Values of duty, obligations, and conduct.
 Personal, cultural, and professional values are aspects
 “How should I behave?”, “What action should I take?”

Answer 22

morality

Question 23

Shared and generational societal norms about what constitutes right
or wrong conduct

Answer 23

morals

Question 24

Beliefs about the shared worth or importance of what is desired or
esteemed within a society

Answer 24

values

Question 25

 Explaining actions by their results
 Logic of ends, or consequences
 An account of a given thing’s purpose

Answer 25

teleology

Question 26

 Persons should always be treated as ends in themselves, and
never as mere means to the ends of others.
 Looks at whether an action is right or wrong rather than on whether
the outcome of an action is right or wrong

Answer 26

deontology

Question 27

 Type of teleology
 Morality of an action is dependent on the outcome of that
action

Answer 27

consequentialism

Question 28

is a well-known consequentialist theory that
appeals exclusively to outcomes or consequences in
determining which choice to make

Answer 28

utilitarianism

Question 29

 Telling the truth
 It is a community health nurse’s (CHN’s) duty to tell the truth

Answer 29

veracity

Question 30

 Approach to problem solving in bioethics; can help guide practice.
 Health care professionals have specific obligations that exist because
of the practices and goals of the profession:
 Autonomy
 Nonmaleficence
 Beneficence
 Distributive justice

Answer 30

principlism

Question 31

often emphasized in acute care settings.
 Respect for client’s right to make informed decisions about his or
her own health care.
 In community health, this may involve restricting clients’ rights
where individual choice may negatively impact on the rights or well
being of others

Answer 31

autonomy

Question 32

the allocation of benefits (e.g., basic
needs) and burdens to members of society

Answer 32

distributive justice

Question 33

 A foundational principle for justifying public health actions.
 Sets out the justification to take action to restrict the liberty of an
individual or a group in order to prevent harm to others.
 i.e. the TB client living in a crowded shelter and placing others at risk.

Answer 33

harm principle

Question 34

 Recognizes that a variety of means exist to achieve public health
needs, but the full authority and power should be used for exceptional
circumstances.
 Education, facilitation, and discussion should precede any restriction
or coercive measures

Answer 34

principle of least restrictive means

Question 35

Once a public health action is warranted, society is obligated to
support individuals and communities in their efforts to comply with
that public health intervention

Answer 35

reciprocity principle

Question 36

 Refers to the manner and context in which decisions are made.
 All key stakeholders should be involved in the decision
 Clear communication should be provided about the action

Answer 36

transparency principle

Question 37

 Abstract, universal principles are not an adequate basis for moral
decision making.
 History, tradition, and concrete moral communities should be the
basis of moral thinking and action

Answer 37

communitarianism

Question 38

 One of the oldest types of ethical theory (dating back to ancient
Greek philosophy)
 are acquired, excellent traits of character that dispose
humans to act in accord with their natural good.

Answer 38

virtue ethics

Question 39

what does advocacy involve?

Answer 39

 promoting health and well-being
 promoting and respecting informed decision-making
 preserving dignity
 maintaining privacy and confidentiality
 promoting justice

Question 40

what are the 3 conceptual framework stages?

Answer 40

information
strategy
action

Question 41

focus on gathering data about public health
problems

Answer 41

information stage

Question 42

focus on tactics such as dissemination info to lay
people and professionals, identify objectives, working with legislators

Answer 42

strategy stage

Question 43

focus on implementation of strategies by lobbying,
testifying, issuing press releases, passing laws, voting

Answer 43

action stage

Question 44

what are the ethical principles for effective advocacy>

Answer 44

1. Act in the client’s (group’s, community’s) best interests.
2. Act in accordance with the client’s wishes and instructions.
3. Keep the client properly informed.
4. Carry out instructions with diligence and competence.
5. Act impartially and offer frank, independent advice.
6. Maintain client confidentiality

Question 45

 Use problem-solving processes
 Serve as guides for making ethically sound decisions that can be
morally justified.

Answer 45

ethical decision making

Question 46

what are the steps in ethical decision making?

Answer 46

1. Identify and Define the ethical nature of the experience. Reflect on
   and review potential actions.
2. Place the ethical experience within a meaningful context. Select an
   ethical action.
3. Obtain all relevant facts
4. Reformulate the ethical experience, if needed.
5. Consider appropriate approaches to actions or options
   (utilitarianism, deontology, principlism, virtue ethics, ethics of care).
6. Make a decision and take action
7. Evaluate the decision and action