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community health nursing > objective 1: community health nursing > Flashcards

objective 1: community health nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

a term that applies to all
nurses who work in and with the community in a variety of practice areas, such as public health, home health,
occupational health, and other similar fields.

A

community health nursing

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2
Q

what are the specialties included in CHN?

A
  • Public health nursing
  • Home health nursing
  • Occupational health nursing
  • Parish nursing
  • Primary health care nurse practice
  • Outpost nursing
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3
Q
  • Organized public health nursing became a major component of public health programs.
  • Public health nurses (PHNs) began making home visits to treat tuberculosis (TB).
  • Various districts implemented public health nursing programs, for example, visiting
    families with newborns, hiring school nurses
A

early 1900s

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4
Q

Manitoba became the first province in Canada to establish a public health nursing
service.

A

1917

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5
Q
  • Public health nursing began to focus on screening programs.
  • The federal government initiated social assistance for health care.
  • Provinces concentrated on public health programs such as immunization, improved
    sewage systems, and clean water
A

1918-1939

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6
Q
  • Care provided in rural and remote communities
  • Began in Canada in the late 1800s and gained momentum in the 1920s
A

outpost nursing

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7
Q

The Canadian Red Cross established outpost nursing stations in Canada’s north to meet
the needs of Aboriginal Canadians and new settlers in remote parts of Canada

A

1920s

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8
Q

Public health expanded beyond public hygiene to include prevention of
diseases and health education

A

1945-1970

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9
Q

PHNs became generalists, visiting clients in homes, schools, and clinics.

A

1950s-1960s

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10
Q

Public health departments shifted their focus away from traditional
programs to the reduction of morbidity and mortality from chronic
illnesses and injuries

A

1970s

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11
Q

The Lalonde Report initiated the health promotion movement in Canada.

A

1974

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12
Q

At an international conferences and in the form of written documents,
such as the Epp Report, Canada led worldwide health promotion
initiatives

A

1986

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13
Q

PHNs’ role in the prevention of chronic illnesses, community
development, and health promotion was part of the overall shift in public
health strategy from illness prevention to health promotion.
* Escalating health care costs soon reduced funding for health-promotion
and disease-prevention programs.
* Home health care became more popular.

A

1980s and 1990s

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14
Q

Researchers demonstrated that home care for the elderly costs less
than institutional care

A

2001

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15
Q

The Romanow Report identified home care as the most rapidly growing
area of community health care

A

2002

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16
Q

Core competencies for PHNs were developed and launched across
Canada

A

2003

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17
Q

The report Toward 2020: Visions for Nursing predicts that by the year
2020, most of heath care, including nursing care, will take place in the
client’s home or in the community on an outpatient basis

A

2006

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18
Q

public health nursing discipline –There was specific core competencies
that applied to all PHNs across Canada

A

2009

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19
Q
  • Organized competent nursing care and
    established kitchens and laundries,
    clean food and water
  • Her work demonstrated that capable
    nursing intervention could prevent
    illness and improve the health or
    populations.
  • Returned to England and revamped
    nursing education, replacing untrained
    lay nurses with “Nightingale nurses”
A

Florence nightingale

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20
Q
  • 1859: The British philanthropist
    founded the first association for
    district nursing
  • This led to the establishment of
    district nursing throughout the
    U.K.
  • It also led to the establishment
    of the Victorian Order of
    Nursing (VON).
A

William Rathbone

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21
Q

Recognized in three critical areas:
* Invention of public health nursing
* the establishment of an American insurance system for
home based care
* the creation of American public health nursing service

A

Lillian Wald

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22
Q
  • Early 1900s: This Ontario nurse became interested in public health.
  • 1911: She became the first director of public health nursing in Toronto.
  • Public health nursing evolved in Canada in the late nineteenth and early
    twentieth centuries largely because of her pioneering work
A

Eunice Dyke

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23
Q
  • 1923 established 1st of many district long-term care facility in Alberta
  • Provided health information to community residents through radio
    broadcasts. This method of delivering health information was especially
    effective for those living in isolated communities
A

Kate Brighty Colley

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24
Q

The first “training schools” (hospital
diploma schools) for nurses opened

A

1874

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25
Q

Kathleen Russell helped establish the
first integrated basic degree nursing
program at the University of Toronto

A

1920

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26
Q

Canadian universities began to offer degree
programs.
* The Weir Report of 1932 concluded that
public health nursing should become a
specialty area in advanced education

A

1918 to 1932

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27
Q

There were nearly 330 schools of nursing in
Canada.

A

1930s

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28
Q

The International Council of Nurses (ICN)

A

1899

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29
Q

The Provisional Society of the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses
(CNATN) (renamed the Canadian Nurses Association [CNA] in 1924)

A

1908

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30
Q

what does the CHN work for?

A
  • In the community (providing health care to individuals and families)
  • With the community (because the CHN views the community itself as the client)
  • Places emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention
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31
Q

what are the dimensions of community?

A

people
place
function

32
Q
  • A large group
  • A collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics
    and reside in a community
A

population

33
Q

A group within a population

A

aggregate

34
Q

The commitment of two or more parties (e.g., agency, client, or professional) who set
goals to address identified client health concerns.

A

collaboration

35
Q

who does CHNs collaborate with?

A
  • Physicians
  • Social workers
  • Nutritionists
  • Physiotherapists
  • Occupational therapists
  • Other health care professionals
  • The CLIENT
36
Q

what are the six basic principles for collaboration?

A
  • Focus on the client
  • A population health approach
  • Quality care and services
  • Access
  • Trust and respect
  • Communication
37
Q

combining the best evidence derived
from research, clinical practice,
knowledge and expertise, and unique
client experiences, values, preference,
and choices when making clinical
decisions.

A

evidence-informed practice

38
Q

provides a voice to client concerns when necessary

A

advocate

39
Q

provides hands-on care to the client

A

clinician or direct care provider

40
Q

involves client and interdisciplinary team members or interagency groups working together toward improving client health

A

collaborator

41
Q

provides advice and information to client, health care providers, and agencies to assist in meeting clients health care concerns

A

consultant

42
Q

provides support to clients to facilitate their decision making in reference to emotional challenges

A

counsellor

43
Q

facilitates client learning through teaching that is appropriate to clients situations

A

educator

44
Q

works with clients and others to set and fulfil health goals

A

facilitator

45
Q

assists clients in acknowledging need for lifestyle changes and taking responsibility for working toward identified change

A

health promotor or change agent

46
Q

guides and encouraged clients to take the inititative to explore options and make decisions to enable goal achievement

A

leader

47
Q

acts as an intermediary between clients and agencies and other health care providers

A

liasion

48
Q

plans and directs client care

A

manager

49
Q

directs clients to additional appropriate resources in the community

A

referral agent

50
Q

investigates phenomena related to health and identifies opportunities for research and evaluation

A

researcher

51
Q

a collaborative strategy undertaken by health professionals and
clients to maximize the client’s ability and autonomy through advocacy, communication,
education, identification of and access to requisite resource and service coordination

A

case management

52
Q

where do CHN work?

A
  • Community clinics
  • Home visits
  • Health promotion
  • Guest homes
  • Occupational health
  • Public institutions
  • Schools
53
Q

what were the 12 determinants developed from?

A

the lalonde report
ottawa charter of health promotion
the Epp report

54
Q
  • Health Field Concept:
  • Human Biology
  • Environment
  • Lifestyle
  • Health Care Organization
A

Lalonde Report (1974)

55
Q
  • Focuses on primary health care
  • Presented at WHO international conference in Alma-Alta, USSR.
  • Addressed unacceptable inequalities in the health status between developed and
    developing countries.
  • Goal: “Health for all by the year 2000”
A

Alma-Alta Declaration (1978)

56
Q

what are the pre-requsites for health>

A
  • Peace
  • Education
  • Income
  • Social justice
  • Sustainable resources
  • A stable eco-system
  • Shelter
  • Food
  • Equity
57
Q

New Vision of Health
* A resource, part of everyday living
* Essential dimension of QOL
* Health is viewed as the ability of individual’s to manage and change their surroundings
* Ind. Freedom to define what health is to them
* Dynamic force in the lives of people influenced by personal circumstances and beliefs,
culture and the social, economic and personal environment

A

Epp’s framework

58
Q

what are the 12 determinant of health|

A
  1. Income and social status
  2. Employment/Working Conditions
  3. Education and literacy
  4. Childhood Experiences
  5. Physical Environments
  6. Social Supports and Coping Skills
  7. Healthy Behaviours
  8. Access to health services
  9. Biology and genetic endowment
  10. Gender
  11. Culture
  12. Race/Racism
59
Q

what is the most influential determinant of health?

A

socioeconomic status

60
Q

“the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the
distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels”

A

social determinants of health

61
Q

what are the social determinants of health?

A
  • The conditions of early childhood
  • Access to education
  • The nature of employment and working conditions
  • Access to healthy housing and adequate income
  • Social inclusion
  • The quality of the built and natural environment in which people reside
62
Q
A
63
Q

is the systematic process of directing a patient to another source of
assistance when the patient or CHN is unable to address the patient’s issue

A

referral process

64
Q

Comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community
development, a wide spectrum of services and programs working in
interprofessional teams, and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public
policy (CNA, 2015)
* endeavors to address issues of ethics, social justice and equity.
* Based on practical, scientifically sound, and acceptable methods and technology
* Universally accessible to individuals and families in the community at a
cost that the community and country can afford to maintain

A

primary health care

65
Q

what is the relevance of PHC to CHNs?

A
  • It provides essential health services in the community.
  • It considers the determinants of health.
  • It focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, and
    protection.
  • It includes therapeutic, curative, and rehabilitative care.
  • It promotes coordination and interprofessional collaboration.
  • It focuses on the patient as an equal partner in health with health
    care providers.
66
Q

the first contact between individuals and the health care system for the purpose of treating disease

A

primary care

67
Q

what are the principles of primary health care?

A

accessibility
health promotion
public participation
intersectoral collaboration
appropriate technology

68
Q

equitable distribution of essential health services to all populations

A

accessibility

69
Q

increased emphasis on services that are preventive and promotive rather than curative only

A

health promotion

70
Q

max individual and community involvement in the planning and operation of health care services

A

public partcipation

71
Q

the integration of health development with social and economic development

A

intersectoral collaboration

72
Q

the use of appropriate technology. includes finding the most cost-effective ways to provide appropriate health care

A

appropriate technology

73
Q

what are the 8 standards of practice?

A

Health Promotion
Prevention and Health Protection
Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation
Professional Relationships
Capacity Building
Health Equity (new name 2019)
Evidence Informed Practice (new in 2019)
Professional Responsibility and Accountability

74
Q
  • Administered by the federal government.
  • Enacted in 1984 to create a more equitable national health care system for all Canadians
A

canada health act

75
Q

what are the 5 principles of the canada health act

A
  1. Universality,
  2. Accessibility,
  3. Comprehensiveness of Services,
  4. Portability and
  5. Public Administration
76
Q
  • Sets the overall strategic directions and priorities for health and community services
  • Works with stakeholders: develop and enhance policies, legislation, provincial
    standards/strategies to support individuals, families and communities to achieve optimal
    health and well-being
A

newfoundland and labrador department of health and community services

community health nursing (6 decks)

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