objective 1: community health nursing Flashcards
1
Q
a term that applies to all
nurses who work in and with the community in a variety of practice areas, such as public health, home health,
occupational health, and other similar fields.
A
community health nursing
2
Q
what are the specialties included in CHN?
A
- Public health nursing
- Home health nursing
- Occupational health nursing
- Parish nursing
- Primary health care nurse practice
- Outpost nursing
3
Q
- Organized public health nursing became a major component of public health programs.
- Public health nurses (PHNs) began making home visits to treat tuberculosis (TB).
- Various districts implemented public health nursing programs, for example, visiting
families with newborns, hiring school nurses
A
early 1900s
4
Q
Manitoba became the first province in Canada to establish a public health nursing
service.
A
1917
5
Q
- Public health nursing began to focus on screening programs.
- The federal government initiated social assistance for health care.
- Provinces concentrated on public health programs such as immunization, improved
sewage systems, and clean water
A
1918-1939
6
Q
- Care provided in rural and remote communities
- Began in Canada in the late 1800s and gained momentum in the 1920s
A
outpost nursing
7
Q
The Canadian Red Cross established outpost nursing stations in Canada’s north to meet
the needs of Aboriginal Canadians and new settlers in remote parts of Canada
A
1920s
8
Q
Public health expanded beyond public hygiene to include prevention of
diseases and health education
A
1945-1970
9
Q
PHNs became generalists, visiting clients in homes, schools, and clinics.
A
1950s-1960s
10
Q
Public health departments shifted their focus away from traditional
programs to the reduction of morbidity and mortality from chronic
illnesses and injuries
A
1970s
11
Q
The Lalonde Report initiated the health promotion movement in Canada.
A
1974
12
Q
At an international conferences and in the form of written documents,
such as the Epp Report, Canada led worldwide health promotion
initiatives
A
1986
13
Q
PHNs’ role in the prevention of chronic illnesses, community
development, and health promotion was part of the overall shift in public
health strategy from illness prevention to health promotion.
* Escalating health care costs soon reduced funding for health-promotion
and disease-prevention programs.
* Home health care became more popular.
A
1980s and 1990s
14
Q
Researchers demonstrated that home care for the elderly costs less
than institutional care
A
2001
15
Q
The Romanow Report identified home care as the most rapidly growing
area of community health care
A
2002
16
Q
Core competencies for PHNs were developed and launched across
Canada
A
2003
17
Q
The report Toward 2020: Visions for Nursing predicts that by the year
2020, most of heath care, including nursing care, will take place in the
client’s home or in the community on an outpatient basis
A
2006
18
Q
public health nursing discipline –There was specific core competencies
that applied to all PHNs across Canada
A
2009
19
Q
- Organized competent nursing care and
established kitchens and laundries,
clean food and water - Her work demonstrated that capable
nursing intervention could prevent
illness and improve the health or
populations. - Returned to England and revamped
nursing education, replacing untrained
lay nurses with “Nightingale nurses”
A
Florence nightingale
20
Q
- 1859: The British philanthropist
founded the first association for
district nursing - This led to the establishment of
district nursing throughout the
U.K. - It also led to the establishment
of the Victorian Order of
Nursing (VON).
A
William Rathbone
21
Q
Recognized in three critical areas:
* Invention of public health nursing
* the establishment of an American insurance system for
home based care
* the creation of American public health nursing service
A
Lillian Wald
22
Q
- Early 1900s: This Ontario nurse became interested in public health.
- 1911: She became the first director of public health nursing in Toronto.
- Public health nursing evolved in Canada in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries largely because of her pioneering work
A
Eunice Dyke
23
Q
- 1923 established 1st of many district long-term care facility in Alberta
- Provided health information to community residents through radio
broadcasts. This method of delivering health information was especially
effective for those living in isolated communities
A
Kate Brighty Colley
24
Q
The first “training schools” (hospital
diploma schools) for nurses opened
A
1874
25
Kathleen Russell helped establish the
first integrated basic degree nursing
program at the University of Toronto
1920
26
Canadian universities began to offer degree
programs.
* The Weir Report of 1932 concluded that
public health nursing should become a
specialty area in advanced education
1918 to 1932
27
There were nearly 330 schools of nursing in
Canada.
1930s
28
The International Council of Nurses (ICN)
1899
29
The Provisional Society of the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses
(CNATN) (renamed the Canadian Nurses Association [CNA] in 1924)
1908
30
what does the CHN work for?
* In the community (providing health care to individuals and families)
* With the community (because the CHN views the community itself as the client)
* Places emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention
31
what are the dimensions of community?
people
place
function
32
* A large group
* A collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics
and reside in a community
population
33
A group within a population
aggregate
34
The commitment of two or more parties (e.g., agency, client, or professional) who set
goals to address identified client health concerns.
collaboration
35
who does CHNs collaborate with?
* Physicians
* Social workers
* Nutritionists
* Physiotherapists
* Occupational therapists
* Other health care professionals
* The CLIENT
36
what are the six basic principles for collaboration?
* Focus on the client
* A population health approach
* Quality care and services
* Access
* Trust and respect
* Communication
37
combining the best evidence derived
from research, clinical practice,
knowledge and expertise, and unique
client experiences, values, preference,
and choices when making clinical
decisions.
evidence-informed practice
38
provides a voice to client concerns when necessary
advocate
39
provides hands-on care to the client
clinician or direct care provider
40
involves client and interdisciplinary team members or interagency groups working together toward improving client health
collaborator
41
provides advice and information to client, health care providers, and agencies to assist in meeting clients health care concerns
consultant
42
provides support to clients to facilitate their decision making in reference to emotional challenges
counsellor
43
facilitates client learning through teaching that is appropriate to clients situations
educator
44
works with clients and others to set and fulfil health goals
facilitator
45
assists clients in acknowledging need for lifestyle changes and taking responsibility for working toward identified change
health promotor or change agent
46
guides and encouraged clients to take the inititative to explore options and make decisions to enable goal achievement
leader
47
acts as an intermediary between clients and agencies and other health care providers
liasion
48
plans and directs client care
manager
49
directs clients to additional appropriate resources in the community
referral agent
50
investigates phenomena related to health and identifies opportunities for research and evaluation
researcher
51
a collaborative strategy undertaken by health professionals and
clients to maximize the client’s ability and autonomy through advocacy, communication,
education, identification of and access to requisite resource and service coordination
case management
52
where do CHN work?
* Community clinics
* Home visits
* Health promotion
* Guest homes
* Occupational health
* Public institutions
* Schools
53
what were the 12 determinants developed from?
the lalonde report
ottawa charter of health promotion
the Epp report
54
* Health Field Concept:
* Human Biology
* Environment
* Lifestyle
* Health Care Organization
Lalonde Report (1974)
55
* Focuses on primary health care
* Presented at WHO international conference in Alma-Alta, USSR.
* Addressed unacceptable inequalities in the health status between developed and
developing countries.
* Goal: “Health for all by the year 2000"
Alma-Alta Declaration (1978)
56
what are the pre-requsites for health>
* Peace
* Education
* Income
* Social justice
* Sustainable resources
* A stable eco-system
* Shelter
* Food
* Equity
57
New Vision of Health
* A resource, part of everyday living
* Essential dimension of QOL
* Health is viewed as the ability of individual’s to manage and change their surroundings
* Ind. Freedom to define what health is to them
* Dynamic force in the lives of people influenced by personal circumstances and beliefs,
culture and the social, economic and personal environment
Epp's framework
58
what are the 12 determinant of health|
1. Income and social status
2. Employment/Working Conditions
3. Education and literacy
4. Childhood Experiences
5. Physical Environments
6. Social Supports and Coping Skills
7. Healthy Behaviours
8. Access to health services
9. Biology and genetic endowment
10. Gender
11. Culture
12. Race/Racism
59
what is the most influential determinant of health?
socioeconomic status
60
“the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the
distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels”
social determinants of health
61
what are the social determinants of health?
* The conditions of early childhood
* Access to education
* The nature of employment and working conditions
* Access to healthy housing and adequate income
* Social inclusion
* The quality of the built and natural environment in which people reside
62
63
is the systematic process of directing a patient to another source of
assistance when the patient or CHN is unable to address the patient’s issue
referral process
64
Comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community
development, a wide spectrum of services and programs working in
interprofessional teams, and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public
policy (CNA, 2015)
* endeavors to address issues of ethics, social justice and equity.
* Based on practical, scientifically sound, and acceptable methods and technology
* Universally accessible to individuals and families in the community at a
cost that the community and country can afford to maintain
primary health care
65
what is the relevance of PHC to CHNs?
* It provides essential health services in the community.
* It considers the determinants of health.
* It focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, and
protection.
* It includes therapeutic, curative, and rehabilitative care.
* It promotes coordination and interprofessional collaboration.
* It focuses on the patient as an equal partner in health with health
care providers.
66
the first contact between individuals and the health care system for the purpose of treating disease
primary care
67
what are the principles of primary health care?
accessibility
health promotion
public participation
intersectoral collaboration
appropriate technology
68
equitable distribution of essential health services to all populations
accessibility
69
increased emphasis on services that are preventive and promotive rather than curative only
health promotion
70
max individual and community involvement in the planning and operation of health care services
public partcipation
71
the integration of health development with social and economic development
intersectoral collaboration
72
the use of appropriate technology. includes finding the most cost-effective ways to provide appropriate health care
appropriate technology
73
what are the 8 standards of practice?
Health Promotion
Prevention and Health Protection
Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation
Professional Relationships
Capacity Building
Health Equity (new name 2019)
Evidence Informed Practice (new in 2019)
Professional Responsibility and Accountability
74
* Administered by the federal government.
* Enacted in 1984 to create a more equitable national health care system for all Canadians
canada health act
75
what are the 5 principles of the canada health act
1. Universality,
2. Accessibility,
3. Comprehensiveness of Services,
4. Portability and
5. Public Administration
76
* Sets the overall strategic directions and priorities for health and community services
* Works with stakeholders: develop and enhance policies, legislation, provincial
standards/strategies to support individuals, families and communities to achieve optimal
health and well-being
newfoundland and labrador department of health and community services
