objective 6 Flashcards
Division of moral philosophy that involves
the moral practices, beliefs, and standards of
individuals or groups
Consideration and evaluation of whether
actions and intentions are deemed as “right”
or “wrong”
ethics
what are ethical and nursing decision and actions typically guided by>
- Ethical principles and values
2. Professional accountabilities
3. The law
Branch of philosophy that deals with
what is right and wrong
ethics
Code of conduct advanced and
accepted by a society, a group or an
individual
morality
what are the 3 branches of ethics?
meta ethics
normative ethics
applied ethics
Occurs when a person’s values are at odds
with those of a client, colleague, or
institution.
Describes a struggle between personal
beliefs and professional responsibilities
value conflict
Appraising one’s personal values
Requires self-awareness and
personal insight
values clafification
what are the steps to values clarification
Choose beliefs from alternatives
Prize beliefs and behaviors
Act on the beliefs (affirm)
why clarify values
To reflect on fundamental beliefs
To examine personal values against
professional values
To ensure action in client’s best
interest (thus supporting clients
decisions about care)
A situation where:
The best course of action is
unclear
There is a strong moral reason
to support each of several
positions
One must choose between the
most right or the least wrong
ethical dilemma
what are some bioethical dilemmas
Life
Abortion
Cloning
Stem cell therapy
Genetic screening
Genetic engineering
Death
Euthanasia
Assisted suicide
Withholding of food/fluids
Terminating life-sustaining
treatments
Other issues
Research
Right to health care
Allocation of resources
Client’s right to know
A sequence of steps used to help solve an
ethical problem or dilemma
A nurse’s Code of ethics, organizational
policies, professional standards, and entry
level competencies documents can
guide/effect decision making
ethical decision making
what are the steps in ethical decision making?
1. Clarify the need.
2. Identify all involved.
3. Arrange a meeting.
4. Select a facilitator or chair.
5. Identify areas of agreement.
6. Identify areas of disagreement.
7. Offer resources.
8. Seek outside advice if necessary.
9. Make a decision.
10. Implement the decision.
what are responses to ethical distress?
awareness
refer
learn
support
how to enhance ethical practice?
Listen to others
Explain your perspective
Acknowledge and discuss differences
Recommend alternatives
Negotiate agreement
Comprised of a group of
interdisciplinary health professionals
(eg. Nurse, physician, dietician,
pharmacist, clergy, ethicist)
ethics committee
Is a recognized
difference between current and desired
conditions or gaps between “what is” and
“what should be” with an accompanying
perception that something should be
done to resolve it
problem solving
Is a choice between
alternative courses of action or
interventions that are selected for
implementation to solve a problem.
decision
is a comprehensive,
sequential, cognitive process used to solve a
problem by reducing the difference between
current and desired conditions
problem solving
process that chooses a
preferred option or a course of actions from
among a set of alternatives on the basis of
given criteria or strategies
decision making
what are 4 general modes of decision mkaing
1. Scientific method
2. The nursing process
3. The problem-solving process
4. The decision making process
A rational and logical
approach. The foundation of many models
of decision making and is useful when
testing hypotheses
scientific method
what are the 6 steps on the scientific method?
- Identify and clarify a problem.
- Determine the problem’s significance
and relevance. - Gather data about the problem and
it’s causes. - Generate hypotheses and choose
alternatives to solve the problem. - Test selected alternatives.
- Plan, Implement, and evaluate the
effects of the selected alternatives.
what is the nursing process
assessment
dx
planning
implementation
evaluation
what are the 7 steps of the problem solving process?
- Define the Problem
- Gather Data
- Analyze the Data
- Develop Solutions (Decision Making)
- Select Solutions (Decision Making)
- Implement the Solutions
- Evaluate the Result
Used when there is no clear right or
wrong answer within a situation
Steps are similar to those in the
rational decision-making model but
ethical principles and arguments
are applied throughout the
intellectual-reasoning process
ethical decision making
New and
imaginative ideas to solve problems.
Combination of divergent thinking and rational
decision making
creative decision making
Approach in which
the health care provider (team provider) makes a
decision independently and an informed
approach in which the patient alone, provided
with information, makes a decision
shared decision making
The intellectually disciplined
process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,
applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or
evaluating information gathered from, or
generated by, observation, experience,
reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a
guide to belief and action
critical thinking
Using or based on what one feels to
be true even without conscious reasoning;
instinctiveness.
intuition
Adopted by many areas such as nursing and
management
Rational decisions are based on minimizing
risks while maximizing profit
Three assumptions about individual’s
preference
1. All actions can be ranked according to
preference
2. All actions can be compared with other
actions
3. Alternatives are independent
Has 6 steps
Rational decision making tool
rational decision making model
what are the steps of rational decision making model?
- Define the problem and identify goals to
solve it. - Identify decision criteria that must be met
to achieve each goal. - Weight (rank) the criteria according to level
of importance. - Generate alternatives or courses of action
to solve the problem. - Rate each alternative in its ability to satisfy
each criterion. - Evaluate each alternative against the
weighted criteria to determine the alternative
with the highest total score, which is the
optimal choice.
what are factors which affect the quality of decisions?
individual decision biases
group decision biases
fallacies
personal attributes
Beliefs that appear to be correct
but are found to be false when examined by
logical reasoning rules
fallacies
Synchronizing tasks among other
HCP’s and agencies to deliver patient care in different
health agencies
coordination
Voluntary effort on the part of
individuals to work with others to achieve common
goals in a noncompetitive manner
cooperation
Vital for group decision
making
effective communication
Task-related knowledge, skills, and
attitudes that reflect a task
competencies
The way team members interact
and react to changing circumstances
team dynamics
Technique for stimulating the
creative, spontaneous, and free-flowing thoughts of
individuals and teams
brainstorming
Looks at problems from six
different perspectives. Uses colors for the hats to
represent different styles of thinking or roles of
individuals.
6 thinking hats
Identifies a
problem, generates solutions, and establishes
priorities by obtaining views on a topic and arriving
at a consensus
normative group technique
Study of organization’s internal
strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities and
threats
SWOT analysis
A creative approach to problem
solving. Identifying strengths, opportunities,
aspirations, and results. More positive alternative
to the SWOT analysis.
SOAR analysis
are authoritative
statements that define the legal and
professional expectations of the LPNs
practice.
standards of practice
Document that describes the knowledge,
skills, judgment and attitudes required of
beginning practitioners to provide safe,
competent and ethical nursing care
entry level competencies
Comprehensive documents intended to
guide evidenced-based best practices to
facilitate decision making
Designed to assist nurses and
interdisciplinary team members, in
partnership with clients, to make decisions
about health care services and to advance
standards and the quality of health care
Relevant to all health care settings
best practice guidelines
Enforce specific structures and
processes that are associated with
quality, safe outcomes
Rules/guidelines that govern practice in
a healthcare environment
Communicate standards and
expectations to employees
Organizational standards that must be
followed
Based on best available evidence
Help mitigate risk by guiding employees
with best practice in care delivery
Part of the decision-making process
employer policies
