OBH Chapter 6 Flashcards
Explain perception
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Which are the three main factors that influence perception?
- Perceiver has different characteristics, attitudes, traits, expectations
- Target has certain characteristics, backgrounds
- The situation the context in which it is placed. Time of day, setting, etc.
Explain the attribution theory
The theory that explains why we judge(perceive) people differently. It suggests we look at people’s behavior and see how this is caused (internally or externally).
By which factors is the Attribution theory determined?
Distinctiveness, See to which degree the behavior is usual for that person. if it is unusual, we are likely to give it an external cause.
Consensus, See to which extent one behaves similarly to ones who faced the same situation. High consensus usually leads to an external cause.
Consistency, see how regularly one acts in this way. If just once, it probably has an external cause, whereas being very consistent is probably caused by internal causes.
What is the fundamental Attribution error?
An error that suggests we usually attribute internal causes too often to behavior.
Which shortcuts which cause distortions in our perception do you know?
Selective perception, we can only see a number of stimuli and are prone to look at some faster than others.
Halo effect, One single perceived trait influences the perception of all other stimuli.
Contrast effects, The reaction to a person is influenced by another person we have recently encountered.
Stereotyping
Which three different decision-making models/processes do we often use?
Rational decision-making model
Bounded rationality model
Intuition
Explain, the decision-making model, Rational decision-making model
In this model, it is suggested that all information is known and unbiased, which, obviously, is not always the case.
Explain the decision-making model, Bounded rationality model
In this model, we simplify problems and extract essential features. Hence, these solutions are usually suboptimal but do satisfy and suffice.
Explain the decision-making model, intuition
This model often involves emotions but is very fast. Usually based on experience, this model can be just as effective as rational decision-making.
Explain the bias, overconfidence bias
People are often over-optimistic and trust their own judgement/gut too much.
Explain the bias, anchoring bias.
A tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
Explain the bias, confirmation bias
Information we seek is usually in favor of an earlier devised idea of rightness.
Explain the bias, Availability bias
Information is subject to vivid emotional eventuality. More information is available on certain topics because other people/society attach more emotion to them.
Explain the bias, Escalation of commitment
People do not always want to admit they were wrong and try and prove their ‘rightness’ by investing more (too much) time and money in it.
