Obesity

Question 1

What are normal regulators of “hunger”?

Answer 1

1. CNS peptides
   - Released at hunger
   - Signals to hypothalamus that body is hungry
2. Ghrelin
   - Made in stomach
   - Stimulates peristalsis (growling)

Question 2

What factors decrease hunger?

Answer 2

• Sympathetic stimulation (pain, stress, trauma)
• Low iron
• Meds (ex. Abx)

Question 3

What are normal regulators of “satiety”?

- Function and synthesis location

Answer 3

1. Leptin (adipose)
   - Antagonizes Ghrelin
2. Insulin (pancreas)
   - cellular glucose uptake
3. PYY + CKK
   - Signals hypothalamus body is fed (turns off hunger stimulus)

Question 4

Brown Fat

• Main fx
• Site of synthesis
• Population of highest %

Answer 4

Fx: Thermogenesis for insulation
Synthesis: myogenic stem cells
Highest %: infants, declines overtime

**more similar to skeletal m. than WAT

Question 5

White Fat

• Main fx (synergistic with _____)
• Site of synthesis
• Population of highest %
• Types

Answer 5

Fx: Endocrine organ/Energy storage (also w/ liver glycogen)

• Uptake of excess glucose
• Storage of triglycerides
• Release of TGY
• Has metabolic effects: Leptin, Adiponectin, Cytokines

Synthesis: pre-adipocytes
Highest %: Obesity, females, elderly
Types: subcutaneous + viseral

Question 6

Leptin

• Fx
• Role when WAT is too high + risks

Answer 6

Satiety hormone (Ghrelin antagonist) 
- Made in WAT 

HIGH WAT

1. Increase in Leptin distribution + binding = Decrease in hunger signalling
   * *Dyfx: risk of continued weight gain
2. Elevated Leptin levels
   - Alternate binding sites = down regulation
   - Pro-inflammatory medication + degradative CT enzymes

Risks:

• Arthritis
• Join deformity + pain
• Back pain

Question 7

What is the function of Adiponectin when WAT is high?

What are the risks?

Answer 7

Decrease in synthesis + secretion

• increase FA deposition
• insulin resistance
• inflammation

RISKS:

• Cardiac disease d/t dyfx in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress
• Cholecystitis (inflamm. gallbladder)